Networking and competition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking and competition - Assignment Example People greatly recognized and appreciated him through his snapshots to an extent that even if he comes up with such a creative idea in future, people will still recognize him. He saw a business idea and made it happen. However, networking requires the spirit of hard work and commitment to attain the required fruits. Had Kalina not committed himself to the daily task of taking self portraits, his project would not have thrives. Competition is important to motivate business minded people to put an extra effort in their businesses. For Kalina to transform his snapshots into the most famous videos recognized today, he saw a video from Ahree Lee which served as his catalyst. Without such a competition, he would not have transformed his snapshots into something that would positively affect his career. Most businesses do not feel good if any form of competition tends to overtake them. This is because in today’s world, most customers flee to businesses that provide the best quality products at affordable prices. That is why most business individuals always strive to outdo their competitors to achieve the highest number of clients and maintain them. Competition is one powerful force that pushes business individuals to improve their performance. This powered with appropriate networking ensures that businesses achieve the expected goals and objectives of that organization. Many businesses make use of networking in their marketing plan. It enables a relationship of trust to develop between the individuals involved. It also enables the company to rank its profile at a high level. In the event of networking, most businesses learn of their competitors’ strategy and ensure that they come up with almost the same or even better strategies. However, it is difficult to get hold of a strategy used by a competitor. That is why some businesses wait for a competitor to come up with a

Examine and analyse the concept of HRM and Innovation, using lessons Essay

Examine and analyse the concept of HRM and Innovation, using lessons from the worlds most innovative firms to support your study - Essay Example It is stated as a science as it requires appropriate and constant application of the theory in practices for greater efficiency (Jackson 1-20). The present era of competition and rapidly changing world, has made innovation a significant factor, which is critical for every business organization its success and sustainability. The organizations with more innovation capability are performing well in the present economy and innovation has become a benchmark on which the success of an organization is assessed. The relation between HRM and innovation has been studied from various possible approaches and it has been evaluated that the HRM has a significant relation with innovation both directly and indirectly. It is has been found that the impact of the HRM practices on employees have created immense opportunities for innovations. Toyota Motor Corporation is one such organization that takes into consideration the HRM practices and innovation for greater market share. Thus, to obtain a better understanding of the stated issue, this thesis aims to evaluate the concept of HRM and Innovation. HRM is a system, which generally comprises of specific practice that stimulates innovation. The empirical studies also have recognized that HRM influences and supports activities, which facilities innovation such as intellectual development, knowledge expansion and development of new products. It has been identified that the HRM plays a crucial role in motivating innovation in organization, as it increases individual creativity, enhances knowledge sharing between the employees and shapes their skills and behaviors for better performance and greater innovations for the success of the organization (Karlsson 1-64). The roles and objectives of HRM in an organization is indeed very vast and it comprises all the aspects of employees from the time they enter into an organization till the time

The Introduction To Ecommerce Information Technology Essay

The Introduction To Ecommerce Information Technology Essay In the 19th century commerce was affected by the development of rail system which reduced the cost of shipping and let seller sell his products around the country rather than in one region and helped the country to develop a national system of trade. It also led the creation of national daily newspaper, weekend holidays and improved the nations health by making perishable goods such as fresh fish and fruits more widely available. The process repeated this time electronic commerce affected the commerce by cutting the cost of transportation of information, and by letting the seller to introduce his products worldwide rather than nationwide by the later part of Twentieth century  [1]  . In the early 60s and 70s when mankind was trying to find and develop fast means to travel and communication, the business developers introduced Electronic commerce (E-com) for the business efficacy. However, the use was limited to only business to business (B2B) transitions which were Electronic data interchange( EDI) and Electronic funds transfer (EFT). By late 1991 when internet became widely available for commercial purposes, consumers also realized the usefulness of E-commerce and so started taking advantages of E-commerce. As a result, today thousands of businesses have been taken to websites. E-commerce is called as New Economy for modern world which is created by using digital technology changing our societies drastically in terms of business transactions, services, transfer of information and online shopping. As Kevin Kelly describes  [2]  Its global; it favors intangible things- ideas, information, and relationships. And it is intensely interlinked. These attributes produce a new type of marketplaces and society, one that is rooted in ubiquitous electronic networks  [3]   If simply defined, E-commerce is about exchange of digitized information between parties  [4]  which can be ordering of goods and services as well the control of their flow, making contracts and sharing information instantaneously from one part of the world to another and this can be held between consumer to consumer, business to consumer and business to business. These days people relate internet with e-commerce which is a wrong perception It is the most popularly used means these days but according to the World Trade Organization,  [5]  E-commerce can be used by using telephone, the fax, the television, electronic payment and money transfer system, Data interchange and the internet.  [6]   Considering the above statement, any transaction, any order of goods and requesting of services by using any of the above six instruments falls under the means of E-commerce. There is no precise definition of e-commerce as it changes according to its evolving role. At the beginning of the new millennium in 2002, another definition came which defined it as any business transaction concerning goods and services, where participants are not in same physical location and communicate though electronic means  [7]   Hence these days, E-Commerce Is a business term used for selling and buying goods and services over internet and other electronic means between B2B, B2C and C2C. Beneficiaries Of E-commerce There are three classes of society of those who are taking benefits as doing their business electronically (i) Business to Business (B2B), (ii) Business to Consumer (B2C), and (iii) Consumer to consumer (C2C). Business to Business . B2B electronic commerce over internet is increasingly becoming the popular choice of communication for the business as its instantaneous.  [8]   B2B e-commerce is whereby both parties conduct transactions in the course of business, also known as paperless trading especially in the US  [9]  . For instance suppose a motor manufacturer needs to purchase parts from supplier, this can be done either via e-mail or by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange system). Business to Consumer This is the type of dealing in which one party is doing their business by selling goods over website or by advertisement where they are directly dealing with consumers, such as sales person dealing with customer in high street, example of this kind of dealings are shopping on website such as www.amazon.co.uk or www.sony.co.uk. Consumer to Consumer In this kind of dealing both parties are natural persons and do not operate any business. The good example of C2C is consumer selling goods to another consumer through a website or some consumer advertising over a website for example www.ebay.co.uk. Scope of Law There is no single or specific law for e-commerce as Kevin Kelly describes  [10]  as its of global nature, electronic commerce has propensity to break the national barriers more easily rather than traditional cross-border trade.  [11]   Hence the user can either use a website for making a purchase or e-mail an offer from any jurisdiction and acceptance can take place from other jurisdiction due to this global nature that website might be subject to law of that country.  [12]   The issue of Electronic contracts was 1st considered at the international level in 1996 by United Nation Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) by introducing the Model law on Electronic Commerce and the Model law on Electronic Signature. In United Kingdom Electronic Commerce Act 2000, Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 was introduced to provide basic legal frame work for electronic commerce and to deal with its problems in a country, and Electronic Signature Regulation 2002. The enactment of Acts was the result of European Union Directive 2000/31/EC, which was introduced to provide fundamental structure for electronic commerce in national markets, to remove cross-border barriers for online services within the member states, and to provide legal certainty to the services. Felling the heat of Electronic Commerce problems, United States of America also enacted the legislations specifically dealing with Electronic commerce. These were: (i) Uniform Electronic Transaction Act 1999 (UETA), (ii) Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act Amended 2000,2000(UCITA) and Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act 2000.  [13]   Same way different Asian countries also introduced special legislation to cope with E-commerce. Examples are Singapores Electronic Transaction Act 1998, Indias Information Technology Act 2000, Hong Kong Electronic Transactions ordinance 2000, Philippines Electronic Commerce Act 2000  [14]  and Electronic  Transactions Ordinance 2002. Advantages of Electronic Commerce: With Respect to Virtual Shop: As discussed above, e-commerce affected the commerce by reducing the cost of trade, especially in selling and buying. In 1995 Bill Gates stated in his book regarding shopping that; The net will carry us into a new world of low-friction, low -overhead capitalism, in which market information will be plentiful and transaction cost low it will be a shoppers heaven  [15]   Bill Gates words have already been proved. Shopping over internet has become the new and the most popular market for the customers. Due to low cost, sellers dont have to buy or rent the costly articles from a shop in high street. Instead they just need to get space over internet at a very low price as compared to high street shops. Furthermore, there isnt any need to hire employees as a seller himself can update or monitor the website. Lastly, he doesnt have to pay any utilities. All these advantages raise the margin of profit with an added benefit which is that the seller can attract customers by offering his product at a lesser price than high street shop price. Another advantage of a Virtual shop is that it is open for business 24 hours a day 7 days a week. Customers can even shop on the day of Christmas or any other holiday. Also, a virtual shop can cater not only to local customers but to anyone in the world who has an internet connection. Virtual shop is as profitable for the seller as it is for the buyer. When you shop online you save time, petrol and you can shop at any time even after business hours. With respect to E-mail: 20th March 2002 was the land mark day in the history of E-mail and postal mail in United Kingdom. By then it was proved that majority of people trust and are interested in e-mail rather than traditional postal mail.  [16]   The reasons are that it is cheap, fast and accurate. The biggest advantage is that it is private as only that person who knows the password can access it. Another great thing is that the same message can be sent to many recipients at the time within the same duration.

The Hippie Counterculture Essays -- Culture Hippies American History E

The Hippie Counterculture The Hippie Movement changed the politics and the culture in America in the 1960s. When the nineteen fifties turned into the nineteen sixties, not much had changed, people were still extremely patriotic, the society of America seemed to work together, and the youth of America did not have much to worry about, except for how fast their car went or what kind of outfit they should wear to the Prom. After 1963, things started to slowly change in how America viewed its politics, culture, and social beliefs, and the group that was in charge of this change seemed to be the youth of America. The Civil Rights Movement, President Kennedy’s death, new music, the birth control pill, the growing illegal drug market, and the Vietnam War seemed to blend together to form a new counterculture in America, the hippie. Unlike the society before this movement, the hippie did not try to change America through violence, the hippie tried to change things through peace and love. The Hippie Movement was a moment during the mid 1960s through the early 1070s where sex, drugs and Rock-n-Roll, was at the forefront of mainstream society. No one really knows the true definition of a Hippie, but a formal definition describes the hippie as one who does not conform to social standards, advocating a liberal attitude and lifestyle. Phoebe Thompson wrote, â€Å"Being a hippie is a choice of philosophy. Hippies are generally antithetical to structured hierarchies, such as church, government, and social castes. The ultimate goal of the hippie movement is peace, attainable only through love and toleration of the earth and each other. Finally, a hippie needs freedom, both physical freedom to experience life and mental freeness to remain open-minded† (Thompson12-13). Many questions are asked when trying to f igure out how this movement reached so many of America’s youth, and what qualities defined a hippie as a hippie? The nineteen fifties was a decade of prosperous times in America, but the average lifestyle of an American seemed extremely dull. The average American conformed to social norms, most Americans in the nineteen fifties dressed alike, talked the same way, and seemed to have the same types of personality. Music is what started to change the conformist lifestyle in America. Teenagers started to rebellion against their families by listening to Rock-n-Roll... ...them. The hippie counterculture was a fun time for everyone who experienced it, but they now had families to support and had to survive in the business world. The hippies tried to create a foundation of love and peace around the world, but essentially failed. They did contribute to black civil rights, the end of the Vietnam War, women’s and homosexual rights in America. Even though the Hippie Movement is over, it is still remembered through its music and stories that were passed down from parents to their children. A little peace of the Hippie Era still survives inside the spirit of America today, and will continue to live as long as the music is still played and people have a hope for peace and love throughout the world. Bibliography 1. Buchholz, Ted, ed. The National Experience: A History of the United States. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers: 1993 2. Manning, Robert. The Vietnam Experience: A Nation Divided. Boston, Boston Publishing Company: 1984. 3. Thompson, Phoebe. The Flower Childern. New York, Prentice Hall: 1989 4. www.us.glamour.com .Michaels, Lisa. Making a fashion statement. Glamour Magazine (May 1998).Last visited 2-28-05

Assessing A Student

In education the main approach of an assessment is to determine what students have learned in a course or program. By determining what and how students learn teachers can oversee student progress, clarify student’s strengths and weaknesses, and keep a journal of these results to better help students. Second grade students are assessed to simply find the areas of struggles in their learning.I created and conducted an assessment on a second grader; the results were to my opinion normal. Creating an assessment based on the common core math standards for a second grader proved very informative. Many second graders are tested on the knowledge that they already know or have learned from their previous grade, I found that in doing this assessment most of the information was familiar to the student, and for the most part much of it was understood.As the assessment continued the student began to show little signs of weakness towards counting money, but he showed strengths of being able to recognize each coin and the value of those coins. Conducting assessments helps teachers to remove the guesswork out of how their students learn and allows them to begin to put together methods and strategies to be able to reach these students and help them stay on top of their learning.In creating the assessment chart I was able to identify the common core standards and compare what level the student should be on and what level that actual student is on in their learning abilities. The standards help with keeping the teacher and the student on a focused path. Being able to chart the results from the assessment gave me the idea of creating a journal for students; this will help with learning progress and minor set backs in the individual student.Setting goals in learning is most important for each student and the teacher, the journal will help both teacher and students stay on top of these goals. I learned that it is very helpful, and important for teachers to conduct review sess ions, these sessions will help struggling students build strength in their weak areas of learning. In conclusion, learning assessments are necessary for both student and teacher, and good idea must first start with a plan and I believe this is what a learning assessment will accomplish.Students need help in being guided in the right direction towards being successful in their learning career, teachers need plans to help be able to guide students in positive learning directions, I believe that the solution to both of these directional paths are conducting assessments and gathering the results of these assessments. Understanding and comprehending taught lessons are key elements to students, and the more a teacher knows about how their students learn the better prepared they can be to teach their students.

A&P Review Sheet

LAB TIME/DATENAMER E V I E W S H E E TEXERCISE 6 Classification of Tissues Tissue Structure and Function—General Review A group of cells working together to perform a common function. They form together to make up organs1. Define tissue.2. Use the key choices to identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue BÂ   1. lines body cavities and covers the body’s external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat 3. transmits electrochemical impulses 4. anchors, packages, and supports body organs 5. cells may absorb, secrete, and filter 6. most involved in regulating and controlling body functions 7. major function is to contract 8. synthesizes hormones 9. the most durable tissue type 10. abundant nonliving extracellular matrix 11. most widespread tissue in the body 12. orms nerves and the brain Epithelial Tissue3. Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue.4. On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?Cells fit closely together, Avascular, Sheetlike membrane Membrane has free edge, High regenerative capacity. The shape of the cells that make it up and its layers 855. List five major functions of epithelium in the body, and give examples of each.Protection Skin Absorption Cells in digestive tract Function 2:Example:Filtration cells in kidney tubule Function 3:Example:Secretion Cells in the Kidneys Function 4:Example:Endings of sensory neurons Sensory reception Function 5:Example:Function 1:Example:6.How does the function of stratified epithelia differ from the function of simple epithelia?7. Where is ciliated epithelium found? What role does it play?8.Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium with special characteristics. How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia? How does the structural difference support its function?9. How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?10. Respond to the following with the key choices. Key: a. b. simple squamous simple cuboidal c. d. simple columnar pseudostratified ciliated columnar lining of the esophagus lining of the stomach e. f. stratified squamous transitional Acts to move stuff. If moves the mucus from the respiratory tract and moves sperm in the reproductive tract. A The extra layers of the stratified Epithelia allow for better protection than the simple epithelia which only has one layer. In the respiratory tract and also in the reproductive organs nly the top layers are squamous It allows for stretching to increase the surface area. Endocrine glands produce hormones inside of the body. Exocrine glands have ducts that lead stuff out of the body, like sweat. E CÂ   1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. lveolar sacs of lungs tubules of the kidney epidermis of the skin lining of bladder; peculiar cells that have the ability to slide over each other forms the thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells11. What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?Different degrees of vascularity, Common origin of CT, a large amount of extracellular matrix. Protection, support, and and help bind other tissues together12. What functions are performed by connective tissue?13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. The stucture helps provide protection since the matrix is so much larger than all others. 1. attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone Key: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. adipose connective tissue areolar connective tissue dense fibrous connective tissue elastic cartilage elastic connective tissue fibrocartilage hematopoietic tissue hyaline cartilage osseous tissue 6. composes basement membranes; a soft packagin g tissue with a jellylike matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton 8. rovides a flexible framework for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10. matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss 12. walls of large arteries15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single jewel?The adipose tissue has large vacole. The vacuoles are round in shape and the nucleus is pushed to the outside so it looks like a solitare ring.16. What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons (nerve cells)?17. In what ways are neurons similar to other cells? Irritability and conductivity. They have a similar structure. They both have a nucleus and many of the same organelles. They have an Axon, which helps with the impulses. How are they different?18. Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body. The extensions that are present on the neurons help in aiding to send impulses throughout the body when they need to go a long distance. Muscle Tissue19. The three types of muscle tissue exhibit similarities as well as differences. Check the appropriate space in the chart to indicate which muscle types exhibit each characteristic.20.Label the tissue types illustrated here and on the next pages, and identify all structures provided with leaders. CT Cilia Epithilial layer Basement membrane (a) Simple columnar epithilial Basement membrane (b) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelial CT Nuclei Basement membrane Basement membrane (c) Stratified Squamous epithlial (d) Transitional epithelial CT Nucleus of fibroblast Mast cells Nucleus Collagen fiberes MAtrix (e) Areolar CT (f) dense regular CT

Shell Strategy Essay Example

Shell Strategy Essay Example Shell Strategy Paper Shell Strategy Paper Shell uses a broad differentiation strategy. Their business model is built on quality and differentiation which they use to set the company apart from its competitors. Shell is viewed worldwide as one of the most successful oil and gas impasses, and is consistently ranked as a top-producer in each and every field in which they partake. Shell capitalizes on their successes by staying broad throughout their endeavors and allowing no opportunity, within their given fields, to pass them by. Shell integrates both horizontally and vertically, and as a result, they hold a formidable market share of each the oil and gas industry, the energy industry, and the chemical industry. Due to their interests in these fields, Shells products are used around the world, and they therefore have a hand in Just about every market, of every kind worldwide. How valid is this strategy? Shells overall group strategy of More Upstream and Profitable Downstream, is a broad differentiation strategy and is vital for accompany such as Shell, as they must strive to be one step ahead of the competition. The essence of a broad differentiation strategy is to be unique in ways that are valuable to a wide range of customers. One industry that Shell has recently entered is renewable energy, which is considered the future of energy, and a replacement for burning fossil fuels. If Shell chooses not to enter this market, Exxon would possible capture about 50% of his market in the United States. This would create a serious disadvantage for Shell in the very near future. Although Shell is predominantly an oil and gas company, they continue to innovate and reach out to new endeavors within markets that can be closely related to their own, or sometimes completely different. Why is this strategy good? Shells strategy is good because it allows the company to work vertically and horizontally throughout the oil and gas industry. They operate a global downstream market with its Lube Oil Blending and Manufacturing Plants, Chemical Plants, and Refineries. They have a strong brand preference in the retail market. Shell has supply and trading optimization of diesel, naphtha, gasoline and kerosene throughout the world. Their operational excellence in Technology has allowed them to use its knowledge of all aspects of their business to expand into areas that it previously was not participating. The broad differentiation strategy is vital for most multinational corporations as it forces management to grow and adapt to ever changing market demands. If Shell was not broadly differentiated, then companies who are now implementing wind power or other sources of renewable energy, would sibyl be capable of forcing oil companies like Shell to a small, weak corner of the energy sector. Who doesnt want cleaner, safer sources of renewable energy? The marketing department knows the answerer this is a question, and that is why they pursue alternative energy sources Walt Trolley A strategy of multinational diversification has more built-in potential for competitive advantage than any other diversification strategy. Therefore, companies that compete multinational can pursue competitive advantage in world markets by locating their value chain activities in whatever nations prove most advantageous. Why is this strategy bad? Playing devils advocate, Shells strategy can be viewed as negative because it could possibly create a massive drain on financial resources, due to their broad reach across the industry spectrum. However, in order to conduct business in areas around the globe, and research new ideas to stay competitive, Shell and other companies should utilize a broad differentiation strategy. How is the competition going to act? Unfortunately for Shell, the competition is going to continue to do exactly what Shell is doing. Shell, Exxon, Chevron, and all of the major oil and gas companies are always going to attempt to stay one step ahead of their competitors. All of them are searching for the best clean fuels, the best sources of renewable energy, and the next innovation in their fields. The competition in this sector is fierce. Each of these companies must spend billions of dollars each year Just to stay competitive. Research, surveying, recruiting, and acquisitions are all vital aspects of Shells business and the competitors are all fighting for the same information, talents, and technological advancements. On the other hand, Shell does compete well with energy companies who offer one f the four other competitive strategies. Those who offer a focused strategy fail, as companies such as Shell typical buy them out if the ideas they have become a threat to the top producers. Low cost and best-cost strategies fail in the energy sector as well, because as everyone knows, energy is a lucrative and expensive business made profitable by the enormous profit margins put on certain products. Health Safety Environment Sustainable Development Department We received feedback and information from the Health and Safety Environment Sustainable Development Department. Our contact, Anomaly Banned, is an advisor or this department. This department has the responsibility to support Shells Business strategy and its delivery. Mostly for environmental management that underlines Shells priorities. They mitigate and manage potential environmental impacts, and identify opportunities of Shells operations and projects. In addition, they have to follow the Finance, Governance and Management, and Social Performance, Information and Management, and People Standards; they create for the entire Shell groups. I en strategy AT teen satiety department Is Adult around People, Performance Ana Progress. Their goal is to develop people by creating and maintaining an environment where people can succeed, identify strengths and improvement areas where continuous performance can be delivered, and manage risks effectively whereby progress can be made with stakeholders. Their goal is to demonstrate world class performance in their area with the partnership of all the Shell businesses. Right now, this departments core competency is committed to creating an environment in Shell where Goal Zero can be achieved. In this environment there are zero safety incidents, zero environmental incidents, and zero delays due to ejaculatory or community challenge. They must cultivate the right mindset about incidents and about their responsibility for preventing them. Since, Shell works globally, the standards set by Shell are consistent for all of the Shell business across the globe. Goal Zero, the 12-Life saving rules, etc. Are all the same regardless to what country they are working in. Group standards are used which are rules on enterprise-wide risks that require common treatment across Shell companies. Shell maintains group HOSE Performance Data that is shared with the industry. They assure their success through the Goal Zero progress and performance against key HOSE parameters of fatalities, fatal accident rate, total recordable case frequency, lost time injury frequency, total recordable occupational injury frequency against exposure hours. In order for Shell to differentiate their service from competition and to provide unique value to customers they do the following: Every Shell Company has a systematic approach to HOSE SP management designed to ensure compliance with the law and to achieve continuous performance improvement; sets targets for improvement and measures, appraises and reports performance; requires annotators to manage HOSE SP in line with this policy; requires Joint ventures under its operational control to apply this policy, and uses its influence to promote it in its there ventures; engages effectively with neighbors and impacted communities; and includes HOSE SP performance in the appraisal of staff and rewards accordingly. The major problem for this department is the environmental management. This includes: global leadership, face time, and performance. This department has trouble working and completing assignments/tasks with their international departments due to lack of actual face to face conta ct. The tasks take longer to achieve because leadership is hard to keep intact globally. The managers/leaders all have common ways to do business, but sometimes do not have sufficient input. Also included is the departments performance for improvement. Recommendations: Based on SOOT analysis, one way to resolve Shells approach to environmental management is by focusing on its Environment Strategy and Action Plan. The department can comply Ana roller regulatory Ana Internal environmental compliance in all activities. Improve and deliver prioritize environmental performance improvements in support of business execution. Be prepared for significant business environmental challenges and opportunities of the future. With this recommendation Shell can focus on this plan and clearly follow steps to increase the departments performance. Employees work globally, including the leadership teams. These teams meet to ensure alignment is consistent across the globe. There must be constant communication globally between all of Shells arms. Shells generally centralized organization could potential limit the ability of rank-and-file employees, and based on SOOT, this is a weakness that Shell should address. Decentralization their organization in certain areas will give employees the ability to react quicker to market changes, as well as adverse situations. One way to control decentralized organizations is to provide training guides and manuals. This action increases potential leadership skills for the employees to rely on when global problems occur. A program that can be developed is to rotate graduate hires in the HOSE department within the first 5 years of their career at Shell. The expectation is that this rotation will increase their knowledge of HOSE environment, and give them an appreciation or this area of the business. Then by increasing their knowledge at the beginning of their career at Shell they can learn to better lead globally and learn environmental management. This includes the opportunity to work in the Health Safety Environment Sustainable Development and in a production are of the business which will increase challenges for them at such an early time. The benefit of developing better leaders definitely outweighs the cost of rotating these new hires. It will cause training to become a longer process because rather than training in one area; there would be raining in diverse areas in order to expand employees knowledge. The diverse training will make employees better rounded and the experience they gain will aid them when they encounter different situations. We highly recommend and encourage doing what is necessary to ensure Shell assignments are properly performed by investing in tools to create more face to face time. Visits to the sites, or adding venues/rooms to the locations where it can be possible to interact through the web. Shell employees are encouraged to do what is necessary to make certain Shell assignments are properly performed. Creating a time Ramee where the leader has to communicate with the international departments to assure things are correctly done. By increasing awareness of the leader more focus will be created to the assignment because it will be managed more. The manager presence will be known and can create a better working relationship. Shell should aim to have an HOSE SP performance they can be proud of, to earn the confidence of customers, shareholders and society at large, to be a good neighbor and to contribute to sustainable development globally. Shell should identify key environmental risks and opportunities and associated reputation exposures. This includes managing the risk of onshore and offshore spills across businesses through continuous Improvements to prevention Ana response Dye preparing or spell prevention in operational environments, which is in line with their commitment to pursue the goal of no harm to people; protect the environment; use material and energy efficiently to provide products and services; respect neighbors and contribute to the societies in which it operates; develop energy resources, products and services consistent with these aims; publicly report on performance; play a leading role in promoting best practice in the industries; manage HOSE and SP taters as any other critical business activity; and promote a culture in n which all n Shell employees share this commitment. The Health Safety Environment Sustainable Development Department has a fantastic way of ensuring the safety of all shell personnel. The department has high standards thus create Goal Zero, which are now used at all global offices. The pitfalls are the lack of leadership globally due to low face to face time and department performance. By generating more awareness towards leaders and increasing their leadership skills, this problem can be reduced slowly. As well as improving performance by creating a plan to be aware of regulatory improvements during business execution. In addition to commit to the goals that can create better The Supplier Management Department In the Supplier Management Department, they contract solutions and supply automated ways of coordinating key supplier relationships. Ms. Patricia Isaac was our interviewee, whose Job title is Cost Management Analyst, has been working for Shell for 8 years. Her responsibilities include Contracting Procurement to drive lower cost of supply through Enterprise Category Management. The Supplier Management Department delivers their services to all Shell business and their functions to drive lower supply cost through knowing their commercial suppliers with an execution of a focused mindset. They find automated ways of working (Contracts, Contractor HOSE, and Systems Processes), coordinate key supplier relationships across the Group and delivers SMS through the businesses and for the Functions and P Own Spend. In order to follow policy they receive guidance from the Supply Chain Model of Business Needs, Supply chain Cost Models, with this they comprehend the cost and value driver in Supply Management to identify opportunities so that the cost can be removed and have value added for Shell. They emphasize the guidelines of their contract management plan, in order to continue to define the expectation they need to fulfill with Shell in order to continue working with diverse segments. The overall strategy of the Supplier Management Department is to know the Business, know the Suppliers, be Commercial and execute Top Quartile performance to ensure they are a competitive differentiator for Shell. One area that is problematic in the Supplier Management Department is eliminating suppliers even Hough they meet selection criteria and not sustaining relationship with them. The current process of how the department in choosing their suppliers cuts down on the Innovation part AT Kennels strategy. I Nell procedure Is Toweling tongue teen companys market conditions and cost, and their requirements. They define and select contract type with appropriate reward and performance by tracking down mechanisms. In order to improve their performance, Supply Management needs to evaluate the suppliers proposal and continue to work with the supplier who will continue to work with them in order to pursue the optimization of distributing Hansel. The Supplier Management Department needs to consider logistical constraints and analyze the risks involved with each supplier. In order to maintain their competitive advantage, Shell must continue to assess which suppliers are keeping pace with the ever changing market. The broad differentiation strategy that Shell implements throughout the company stresses constant innovation in order to stay ahead of the imitative competitors. Shell knows that their competitors are always looking to imitate and progress before them, so it is vital that the supplier management department cut down on their potential suppliers. This will lead Shell to maintain their competitive advantage. It is our recommendation that Shell focus on their objective of ESSAY (Eliminate, Simplify, Standardize, Automate). Bringing focus in this area will assist them in interpreting which supplier can help them be more beneficial and will streamline the processes involved with getting the product to market. Failure to implement this strategy will continue to lead to inconsistent and ineffective approaches to knowing the supply side of the business and can have impact when dealing their international department. In order to increase the rive in, Shell executives must have an objective in which it they can enhance the companys competitive advantage. The set process of ESSAY is a key factor of the company to stay intact globally. Even though their process to eliminate company who do not meet Shells requirement, is already develop it needs to be strengthen in order for this area to be relevant to govern authority and be able to convert sourcing packages to Shell. The Supplier Management Department needs to have a clear contract management plan that segments and defines contract management expectations by area segments identified by Shell. In order to see the process of the effectiveness of the clear contract, receiving feedback from suppliers can improve future performance, fulfill contractual objectives, and fulfill mandatory HOSE (health, safety, security, and environment) requirements. In order to sustain the relationship with their supplier, they need to see how well established is their strategies, processes, and behaviors consistent with Shells diversity and inclusiveness. They need to work on the opportunity optimization of the suppliers relationship; the result from this is creating value in opportunities of generating more market segmentation. Ms. Isaac stated that they work to mature the supplier through the relationship stages of Proving; Performing; and Partnering with their suppliers globally. To continue the formality of the relationship they could also identify, engage, develop and sustain supplier inclusion efforts. Having both parties interest in mind can help them focus on the reduce effort of duplication and increase teen Arleen AT teen alma to enhance teen ell son s competitive advantage. At this moment, the Supplier Management Department is focusing on their Category Management and how to contract the process, improve the Global Framework Agreements and the Global Sustainable Sourcing. By improving these areas especially, the Category Management and the improvement of the agreement, can help them minimize the cost, using the effectiveness of the Cooperative Strategies will help them even the distribution of the responsibility in order to execute in the highest level of function. By supporting the strategic work of the Powering Progress Together with their suppliers it extends the enterprise by working across organizational boundaries. Continuing with their department core competencies, they delivers Project contracting solutions, sets global standard, liver benefits; attract sustain competitive advantage and benchmark top quartile performance with total quality behaviors and performance they set themselves apart from competitors. Shells HER processes, such as attraction, on boarding, retention, development of intellectual capital, and motivation can all increase Shells return on its investment in people. The HER function is responsible for putting these processes into practice in a way that delivers better business results. The HER role as a function is to provide the HER strategy and infrastructure, and to input to business strategy in a way that enables high performance and market attractiveness. The HER team contribute to the profitable and reputation of Shell. Shells HER function is aligned with Shells overall Group strategy of More Upstream and Profitable Downstream, and builds on their priority to deliver the short term imperatives of working with the businesses and functions, and ensuring delivery on identifying savings, developing the organization in a simpler and more accountable structure where there is greater speed for decision making and implementation, while building for long term impact and sustained improvement The four Shell HER Strategic Priorities are: I Strength I Weaknesses lopsidedness I Threats I I Talent Now a Sustainable Elf addressed, will meet the I Encompasses implementation IA promotion of diversity and I If left unaddressed, Shell I Future Supply I immediate talent demands of LIFO the resounding strategy I inclusiveness to help form allow not have an adequate I I I the business and address the land a focus on top quartile Score part of Shells People I pipeline of qualified recruitment I requirements I Standards. I long-term talent lymphocytes to succeed currently I I leaders. Strengthening Leadership I Reinforces the continued Shell has not developed an I Can drive the increase in Elf not reinforced, I I Deepening Professionalism I commitment to leadership I adequate succession I technical and professional I leadership will not be I I I development and deepening I pipeline. I capitally, I professional capability. I professional capability of I I I properly developed anon TN lamentations off global I and business-driven largenesss will be diminished I I I strategy. Over the long term. I Lampooning Individual I Continued emphasis on I Measured through the Shell I Continued support to I If simplification is not I laryngitiss Performance I simplifying the organization I People Survey which I business critical programs I integrated in the Tit better integrate I sometimes does not tell land strategies through laryngitis, Shell will be I I Capability on a Group wide Complete picture. I business partnering I unable to integrate Capability building. Structures work. I basis and focusing on makings Capability over its global I I I current logout, making it difficult I I LIFO current structures to I I I operate. Increased Efficiency I Released through continued I Shell struggles to Deliver Benefits Scale HER Twit global systems, it is I Effectiveness of HER Systems Standardization and I standardize and simplify I Services imperative that Shell 1 Processes Simplification of HER I most HER process globally. I I processes. Oral I become unbearable I I lover time. Continue to standardize and I I Simplify its HER processes I cost will Shells HER uses a broad differentiation strategy, which focuses on building the best talent pipeline in the industry and thereby ensuring the maintenance of its competitive edge as a technological leader. Shells HER Executive is accountable for legalizing the planned activity. Progress against the four key strategic activity areas are actively monitored and is reviewed formally on a quarterly basis by the HER Executive, and supplemented by tracking, reporting and assurance mechanisms put in place by the HER Strategy team. This focus is complemented by additional measures to ensure the management of talent, costs and headcount, assurance of Shells people standards, and continued performance in the top quartile. This strategy is valid because it is consistent with performance from previous years, and manages HER-related risks that impact individual businesses. Risk responses, in the past, have been updated to take account of plan activities to the extent they provide mitigating action to Group level and business specific HER risks. What makes this strategy work is that each key activity area owner is responsible for ensuring risks and mitigating actions are identified and maintained for their own projects. However, each HER business activity area owner must work to deliver on Talent Management, Diversity Inclusion, Leadership Development, Performance Management, Change Management and Global HER Process Execution individually. Recommendations: Talent Management The HER businesses must deliver on annual full time employment targets, ensuring they hire a more than adequate amount of graduates into the pipeline to ensure annual recruitment targets are met. Shell has a great Leadership Development Program, but in the past has had trouble with follow-up on employees who have gone through the program. Management must do better to continue the development of the employees who have completed this program by providing the opportunities/assignments needed for development to employees once identified. Shell HER must improve representation of females at the senior management level cross the globe, by ensuring a robust continued pipeline of female talent at the lower levels to draw upon. Shell HER must increase the number of diverse candidates in positions to ensure an effort to improve representation of people of color, and develop and implement appropriate plans to ensure there is a continued increase in diversity representation by targeting graduate hires at more diverse colleges when recruiting. Strengthening Leadership Developing Professionalism Shell HER should have annual talent reviews to ensure effective leadership coverage ratios exist across all the Shell regions, and develop adequate successions Lana for all management positions. This is an urgent issue for Shell because many of its top executives will be nearing retirement, and there is a major concern for adequate replacement. To assist with this issue, Shell HER should conduct annual learning reviews and develop learning strategy considerate of current/needed interventions. Shell HER must build a delivery culture by reinforcing individual accountability and active performance of its succession pipeline on a more rapid basis. Improving Individual Organizational Performance Shell HER has a new working model that it must continue to work to operational y driving the development and delivery of the HER organization and the Shell vision. To accomplish this goal, they must deliver effective HER organizational effectiveness support to newly formed leadership teams and business projects. Shell HER should also do a better Job on boarding new employees, and monitoring the consistency of the on boarding program; it appears to not have consistency in this program. Shell HER should drive a culture of accountability and performance management by ensuring a focus on safety, simplification, costs and adding value to the business. Shell HER must deliver on hiring the full time employee targets and monitoring

Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essays

Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essays Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essay Determination Of Chlorinated Phenols Based On Chromatographic Techniques Biology Essay Essay Chlorinated phenols are well-known environmental pollutants which are widely distributed in natural Waterss and dirts because of their extended use in many industrial and agricultural procedures such as the industry of plastics, dyes, drugs, antiseptics, germicides, intermediates in chemical production and pesticides. In add-on, Chlorophenols ( CPs ) are besides generated during the chlorine intervention of imbibing H2O [ 29 ] and every bit good as by the debasement of phenoxy weedkillers. Because to their toxicity in aquatic life and hapless biotreatability, US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) have included chlorophenols in their lists of precedence pollutants and considered as of import environmental hazards. The European Community statute law has besides set maximal admissible phenols concentration of 0.5 ng/mL in tap H2O [ 7 ] . In Taiwan, serious pollutions of CPs in dirt and H2O have been reported due to assorted industrial and agricultural activi ties [ 1 ] . On this footing, the finding of this category of compounds in the environment is of great importance. Therefore, an accurate and sensitive method is required for the finding of CPs in environmental samples. Most of the analytical methods for finding of CPs are based on chromatographic techniques such as high public presentation liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) [ 8-10 ] , gas chromatography ( GC ) [ 11-13 ] and capillary cataphoresis [ 14,15 ] . In GC analysis, because of high mutual opposition of CPs compounds, they lend to wide, tailed extremums, and these effects led to high sensing bounds. To avoid this drawback, the CPs have to be derivatized with a suited derivatization reagent before injection into the GC. On the other manus, HPLC is a good option technique, in which isocratic or gradient elution can be used to divide the phenolic compounds and it has been widely used for the separation and finding of CPs [ 30-33 ] , and is frequently coupled with assorted sensors such as UV ( UV ) [ 31,34 ] , fluorescence [ 35 ] , and electrochemical [ 36 ] . However, because of the comparatively low concentrations of most CPs and the built-in complexness in environmental H2O samples, a preconcentr ation measure normally becomes necessary, prior to their analysis. Over the past decennaries, Liquid-liquid extraction ( LLE ) [ 13 ] and solid-phase extraction ( SPE ) [ 14 ] are the most widely used techniques for the preconcentration of CPs in environmental samples. Normally, both the techniques needs an appreciable sum of toxic dissolver for extraction or elution stairss, and the extracted dissolvers are required to vaporize to concentrate the sample and reconstitution for the subsequent HPLC analysis which are time-consuming, boring, and risky to the operators and consequence in menace to the environment. In the last decennary, there is an emerging tendency towards the miniaturisation of chemical analysis systems which consists of several distinguishable advantages such as rapid analysis, simplification and smaller sample volume. Furthermore, an environmentally friendly characteristic of the miniaturized analysis systems is that the ingestion of reagents is reduced. Solid-phase microextraction ( SPME ) technique has been developed as a simple, rapid, and less solvent ingestion procedure [ 9 ] typically applied to CP trying [ 10-12 ] . SPME is largely combined with GC-flame ionisation sensing ( FID ) or GC-mass spectroscopy ( MS ) for analysis ; nevertheless, derivatization is normally still required in this technique. When SPME is coupled to HPLC or CE, a solvent desorption measure is required to retrieve all sorbed analytes and to avoid transfer. Owing to these grounds, most current applications of SPME are limited to non-polar or average polar compounds [ 19 ] . Recently, a fast, simple, cheap and virtually solvent less sample readying method was developed for the preconcentration of the mark pollutants from H2O, this technique is known as single-drop microextraction ( SDME ) [ 20-24 ] . It is a miniaturisation of the traditional liquid-liquid extraction ( LLE ) technique, which is based on the extraction of analytes in a mirolitre bead of a H2O non-miscible dissolver is suspended in the acerate leaf of a microsyringe that can be straight immersed in the aqueous sample ( DI-SDME ) or in its headspace ( HS-SDME ) [ 33 ] . When the extraction finished, the microdrop is retracted back into the microsyringe and injected to the instrument such as gas chromatograph ( GC ) and high public presentation liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) for farther analysis. The research group of Lee farther developed this technique by presenting the constructs of inactive and dynamic microextraction combined with GC [ 11-13 ] . This technique is inexpensive and there i s minimum exposure to toxic organic dissolvers. SDME has been applied for the finding of organochlorine insect powders and organophosphorous insect powders [ 25-34 ] , etc. , . Although organic dissolvers have been normally used as extractants in SDME, a high instability of the bead and hapless preciseness degrees have been reported as a consequence of the organic extractant vaporization and low viscousness. Ionic liquids ( ILs ) emerged as an option to these conventional dissolvers as they present alone and valuable belongingss including low vapor force per unit area, high viscousness or good thermic stableness, moderate dissolvability of organic compounds every bit good as adjustable miscibility and mutual opposition [ 2-5 ] . These belongingss make these dissolvers absolutely suited for SDME since larger and more consistent pull outing volumes can be used [ 34 ] . The ionic liquid-based individual bead microextraction has been antecedently used for the finding of pollutants with HPLC [ 35-37 ] or GC finding [ 38,39 ] . The chief advantages of ILs when used for SDME are that they allow the application of longer trying times every bit good as the usage of larger bead volumes, therefore taking to the development of high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) protocols with increased sensitiveness. The pertinence of microwave energy for the extraction of pollutants from environmental samples has been investigated for the last 10 old ages and new analytical methodological analysiss have been developed ( ) . Microwaves straight couple with the analytes present in the sample matrix taking to an instantaneous localised superheating ( In order to shorten the sampling clip of HS-SPME, microwave warming was utilized for the rapid acceleration of vaporisation of analytes from the sample matrix to headspace and rapid analysis was achieved for polychlorinated biphenyls ( ) , organochlorinated pesticides ( ) , pyrethroids ( ) , chlorobenzenes ( ) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( ) in H2O samples. Subsequently on, microwave warming was besides tried coupled with HS-LPME or HS-SDME for the possible betterments in the analysis of semi-volatile pollutants in Waterss [ ] , However, when microwave warming was applied to modify HS-LPME, it resulted in the important vaporization of the extr action dissolver, later impacting extraction duplicability. In order to get the better of the above disadvantage, low volatile ionic liquids were used in microwave assisted HS-SDME to roll up chlorobenzenes from aqueous samples prior to HPLC analysis ( ) . However, due to the declining public presentation of the column, both HPLC and GC are considered inappropriate methods to analyse the species in ionic liquids. In other manus, Yamini and Shamsipur introduced two H2O baths [ 8,9 ] to command the temperature of extractant and sample, severally. This optimized process was successfully applied to pull out and find analytes in H2O samples. But the low temperature of extractant was non truly realized because the ice bath was used to command the temperature of dissolver in the column of microsyringe but non at the tip of microsyringe acerate leaf. Besides the readying of the little extraction device is boring, particular tools are needed, and the duplicability of the device possibly non so good. Second, the solvent microdrop is unstable and easy to fall down from the acerate leaf, particularly when utilizing H2O mixable dissolvers as extractant. In order to increase the bead volume permitted for extraction, different alterations of the needle tip has been proposed, all of them based on increasing the contact country with the bead [ 21-23 ] . Ye et Al. [ 20 ] , was designed a little bell-mouthed extraction device with a 5mm Si gum elastic tubing or Teflon ( PTFE ) tubing, in which 20 _L 1-octantol was used as extractant without their dislodgment from the acerate leaf to preconcentrate weedkillers in H2O samples which showed improved extraction efficiency with high sensitiveness for HPLC analysis. Followed by, Xu et Al. was introduced a conic polypropene PCR tubing alternatively of the needle tip of a microsyringe in which more sum extractant could be suspended in the PCR tubing than microsyringe due to the larger interfacial tenseness. This method was successfully applied to find volatile CPs in existent aqueous samples. However, the extraction efficiency was improved through commanding the temperature of extractant merely by puting an ice bag around the PCR tubing. Besides this attack significantly complicates the experimental apparatus, particular tools are needed, and the duplicability of the device possibly non so good. Furthermore, extraction clip is longer and it should be used merely for extremely volatile analytes with low solvent-headspace distribution invariables due to the elevated temperatures tend to diminish the organic solvent-headspace distribution invariable, ensuing in lower sensitiveness of the finding. The loss of sensitiveness can be avoided if the pull outing dissolver is cooled while the sample is heated. In our old research plants, we demonstrated a fresh LPME method termed one-step microwave assisted controlled-temperature headspace liquid stage microextraction technique utilizing micro-liter sum of organic dissolver and which has been successfully applied for the analysis of chlorophenols and hexachlorocyclohexanes in environmental H2O samples utilizing GC-ECD ( ) . This new method utilizes an external-cooling system which controls the temperature of the heavy cloud of analyte-water vapour formed in the headspace LPME trying zone. It besides prevents the vaporisation of the LPME extraction dissolver. Meanwhile, it earned many virtues such as celerity, simpleness, easy to run, low cost, etc. and is a valuable and environmental friendly method. However, some disadvantages of LPME utilizing hollow fibre membranes, such as ( 1 ) being of a membrane barrier between the beginning ( sample ) stage and receiving ( acceptor ) stage cut down extraction rate and increase extraction clip ; ( 2 ) in two stages LPME extra sum of dissolver is needed for elution of analytes from lms and pores of fibre. Besides this procedure is a clip devouring measure ; ( 3 ) creative activity of air bubbles on the surface of the hollow fibre reduces the conveyance rate and decreases the duplicability of the extraction ; ( 4 ) in existent samples such as piss, effluent, etc. surface assimilation of hydrophobic substances on the fiber surface may barricade the pores. However, to our cognition, there is no study refering with the combination of one-step microwave warming coupled with temperature controlled bell-shape HS-SDME utilizing organic-aqueous mixture extractant for the extraction of chlorophenols analysis utilizing the SDME method. In continuance of our research work, we report here for the first clip the development and pertinence of the unmoved microwave-assisted temperature-controlled headspace single-drop micro-extraction ( MA-TC-HS-SDME ) for the rapid and efficient preconcentration of chlorphenols in complicated environmental aqueous samples towards effectual HPLC-UV finding. The present method reduces the extraction clip and the bounds of sensing values obtained are equal for hint analysis of chlorophenols in environmental H2O samples. The consequence of assorted experimental conditions on the extraction of chlorophenols are investigated and discussed in item. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Reagents and Solutions 2-Chlorophenol ( 2-CP ) , 2,4-Dichlorophenol ( DCP ) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol ( TCP ) were purchased from Aldrich ( Milwaukee, WI, USA ) and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol ( 2,3,4,6-TeCP ) was obtained from Lancaster Synthesis ( Ward Hill, MA, USA ) . HPLC-grade methyl alcohol, propanone and acetonitrile were obtained from Merck Chemicals ( Darmstadt, Germany ) . Sodium chloride and Na hydrated oxide were obtained from Merck Chemicals. Hydrochloric acid ( 36.4 % ) was from J.T. Baker ( Phillipsburg, USA ) .All chemicals used in the survey were of ACS reagent class. Ultrapure H2O for all aqueous solutions was produced in the research lab utilizing the Barnstead Nanopure H2O system ( Barnstead, New York, USA ) . Stock solutions ( 1 mg/mL of each analyte ) were prepared by fade outing chlorophenols in methonal and stored in brown glass bottles with PTFE-lined cap and kept 4 -C. Working solutions were obtained daily by suitably thining the stock solutions with H2O. Groundwater samples were collected from a deep well in west suburb of Beijing, river H2O samples from the Haihe River in Tianjin, China, effluent at a sewerage outfall of a effluent intervention mill in Beijing and tap H2O samples from our research lab after fluxing for about 5 min. These samples were all stored at the temperature of 4-C. 2.2. Instrumentality The extraction and injection were carried out utilizing a 25 _L HPLC microsyringe ( Shanghai, China ) . A S23-2 digital magnetic scaremonger ( Shanghai Sile Instrument Co. , China ) and a 5mm stirring saloon were used to stir the solution. HPLC analysis was carried out on a LC-10AT liquid chromatography ( Shimadzu, Japan ) with two LC-10ATvp pumps and a SPD-10Avp UV/vis sensor. Chromatographic separations were performed on a VP-ODS C18 column ( 250mm-4.6mm ID, atom size 5 _m ) ( Shimadzu, Japan ) . Data acquisition and procedure were accomplished with a Chromato-solution Light Workstation ( Shimadzu, Japan ) . The nomadic stage was H2O, methyl alcohol and acetonitrile ( 45:33:22, v/v/v ) at the flow rate of 0.6mLmin?1. Detection was set at 223 nanometer. Under these chromatographic conditions, baseline separation can be obtained for the mark compounds. 2.2. Instrumentality Analysis was carried out utilizing HP 5890 ( Hewlett Packard, Pennsylvania, USA ) gas chromatograph equipped with a split/split-less injector and an negatron gaining control sensor ( ECD, 63Ni ) . Compounds were separated on a amalgamate silicon oxide HP-5MS capillary column ( 30m x 0.25mm IDs, 0.25 Â µm movie thickness ) ( Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA ) . Nitrogen was used as bearer gas and make-up gas at flow rates of 1.0 and 55 mL/min, severally. Gas chromatograph was operated in splitless manner with the injector temperature of 250 oC. The oven temperature was maintained at 100 oC for 2 min, and so programmed at 25 oC /min to 250 oC held for 4 min, and eventually 15 oC /min to 280 oC which was held for 4 min. The detached species were measured by negatron gaining control sensor held at 320 oC. A Peak-ABC Chromatography Data Handling System ( Kingtech Scientific, Taiwan ) was used to obtain chromatograms and to execute informations computations. 2.3. Microwave assisted controlled-temperature HS-LPME apparatus In this work, a modified domestic microwave oven ( NE-V27 inverter system, 2450 MHz, Panasonic system ) was used as the microwave energy beginning with a maximal power of 1400 W, which had a hole ( 2 centimeter diameter ) in the centre of the top surface of the microwave oven. A specially designed glass capacitor ( 25 centimeter length and fitted with an interior glass tubing of 1 centimeters diameter ) was placed steadfastly on the hole for the HS-LPME sampling and a go arounding water-hood system embracing a home-made magnetron driven stirrer device ( stirring velocity 500 revolutions per minute ) was placed inside the microwave oven. The glass capacitor and the go arounding water-hood system were connected to an external refrigerated electric bath ice chest machine ( Yih Der BL-720, Taiwan ) in order to command the temperature of headspace LPME trying zone chamber and to cut down the effectual power of microwave irradiation. The apparatus of the unmoved MA-CT-HS-LPME sampling syst em is shown in Figure 1. After the alteration, the effectual powers of microwave irradiation of 126, 170, 210, 249 and 279 W were used in this survey. To avoid escape of microwave irradiation, aluminium foils were wrapped on the inner and outer-walls of the microwave oven at the interface between the microwave organic structure and the headspace trying setup. A microwave leak sensor ( MD-2000, Less EMF, NY, USA ) was used to look into safety facets of the equipment during the experiments. Prior to the experiment, all the glasswork were exhaustively washed with soap solution, de-ionized H2O, propanone, and once more de-ionized H2O and so dried in the oven at 80 oC for 4 hour. A brace of flasks and capacitors was used alternately, because the interior surfaces of flasks and capacitors had to be exhaustively cleaned by propanone and de-ionized H2O between tallies to forestall carryover job from the glasswork apparatus. 2.4. MA-CT-HS-LPME Procedure The polypropene hollow fibre was cut into sections of 1.5-cm length and was washed ultrasonically with propanone for 1 hour. It was so dried and later kept in an organic dissolver ( 1-octanol ) for the impregnation of pores of the hollow fibre. After impregnation, the fibre was removed from 1-octanol and the syringe was aspirated so that the air in the syringe could blush the hollow fibre to take extra organic dissolver from inside the fibre. To construct an LPME investigation, approximately 4.0 milliliters of 1-octanol was taken in a conventional 10 milliliter microsyringe ( SGE Australia, Ringwood, Australia ) , and injected into the hollow fibre section mounted on the needle tip of the microsyringe. After an extraction, the extracted dissolver in hollow fibre was retracted to the barrel of the microsyringe, pushed and retracted for five rhythms. One microliter of the extracted dissolver was taken for GC-ECD analysis. The used hollow fibre was discarded and a new hollow fibre was u sed for each extraction. 10 milliliter of the sample solution was added into a 20-mL cylindrical shaped glass flask and fitted with glass capacitor for the external chilling of the trying zone, along with an LPME device in the headspace as shown in Figure 1. 3. Consequences and treatment There are assorted parametric quantities impacting the unmoved MA-CT-HS-LPME public presentation and efficiency for the finding of DDT and its chief metabolites by GC-ECD, including choice of LPME dissolver, trying place of LPME in the controlled-temperature headspace zone, microwave irradiation power and clip, sample pH and salting-out consequence. These parametric quantities were consistently investigated and the optimum conditions were so established.

French Expressions Using Sans

French Expressions Using Sans The French preposition sans means without and is also used in many expressions. Learn how to say homeless, otherwise, barefoot, and more with this list of expressions with sans.sans abrihomelesssans argentpennilesssans attendreright awaysans aucun doutewithout a doubtsans blagueseriously, all kidding asidesans broncherwithout flinchingsans butaimlesssans à §a (informal)otherwisesans cesseconstantly, continuously, incessantlysans-coeurheartlesssans chaussuresbarefootsans culottes~without fancy underwear (reference to militant republicans in the French Revolution)sans domicile fixehomelesssans doutedoubtless, no doubtsans efforteasily, effortlesslysans fautewithout failsans-gà ªneinconsideratesans malwithout any difficultysans mà ªme noun or infinitivewithout even noun or -ingsans mà ¨remotherlesssans nul doutewithout a doubtsans oublierlast but not leastsans pà ¨refatherlesssans plusthats it, no more than thatsans plus attendrewithout further delaysans prà ©jugà ©sunbiasedsan s que subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  for example, sans quil le sachewithout ____ing  Ã‚  Ã‚  without him knowingsans quoi (informal)otherwisesans le savoirunknowingly, unwittinglysans soincarelesssans soucicarefreesans le vin (menu)not including winesans se le faire dire deux foiswithout having to be told twiceles sans abrithe homelessles sans domicile fixethe homelessun/e sans-emploiunemployed personle sans-faà §oncasualness, offhandednessle sans-fautefaultless performance, something impeccableun sans-filcordless phoneun/e sans-gradeenlisted man/woman; underling, peon, small fryles sans-le-southe have-nots, pennilessles sans-logisthe homelessun/e sans-papiersillegal immigrantun/e sans-parti (politics)independentun/e sans-patrieperson without nationalityun/e sans-soin (archaic)careless personun/e sans-souci (archaic)carefree, happy-go-lucky personun/e sans-travailunemployed personles sans-voixpeople with no voiceboire sans soifto drink without being thirstyà ªtre sans argentto be penn ilessjamais deux sans troiseverything happens in threesJy crois sans y croire. I believe it and I dont.non sansnot withoutLesson: French preposition sans

The darling by chekhov anton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The darling by chekhov anton - Research Paper Example She is not afraid to love though loss brings her terrible pain. She is keen on being loved and admired by her male counterparts. The readers cannot help but feel sympathy for Olga, however, they also grow irritable of the fact that she does not stay firm on opinions and changes her perspectives with the people she meets and falls in love with. The story being set in a period when women were submissive to males and patriarchy echoed off the walls of every house, it is only obvious that the readers would agree with her character. However, they would feel a little disrespect for her as she does not have any opinions of her own. The story begins with a scene in which Kukin, a theatre owner, who stays at Olga’s lodge, complains about the rain always ruining the number of patrons to be present for his shows. She starts liking him and as â€Å"his misfortunes touched her; she grew to love him† (Chekov 1899). This happens only after her father dies. So it can be seen that when she does not have her father to love anymore, that is when she falls in love with Kukin. She loses her father and is left with only material elements of life. She yearns for male affection and she sees the potentiality in Kukin and soon marries him. Olga marries him and does all the help she can like settling accounts. She adopts his love and passion towards the theatre and becomes one with him. Like Kukin she hates the fact that the public do not appreciate theatre as an art and ignore it like it means nothing (Chekov 1899). Her husband however happens to go to Moscow â€Å"to collect a new troupe† and is held back f or some reason (Chekov 1899) He telegrams her that he will be back during Easter. However she receives a telegram one day informing about his death and she is not able to bear the fact that she is left alone in this world. She does not have anyone to love or be loved

Self Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self Assessment - Term Paper Example ) says that merchandise budget planning accounts for inventory shrinkage by indicating deviation between budgeted loses and loses causes by stock theft. Every merchandise budget factors in inventory loses expected as a result of conventional damages during stock handling, losses from discounts and those from general sales activities. In this context, any substantial divergence between the planned loss and actual losses after sales will account for inventory shrinkage. Sales = $26,000, stock 1 = $100,000 and stock 2 = $88,000. Difference in stock value = $12,000. This value represents inventory shrinkage within a single sales period of $26,000. Additions to stock is given by; (value of stock 1/sales) Ãâ€" (sales - inventory shrinkage). Additions = (100,000/26,000) Ãâ€" 14000 = $53,846. Based on the formula GMROI = Gross Margin Ãâ€" (Sales/Average Inventory Cost). Gross margin = 46/100. This means 1.3 = 0.46 Ãâ€" sales-to-stock ratio. Therefore, sales to stock ratio = 2.8:1. In this case, the stock-to-sales ratio for 6 months = 2.8 : 1. In retail marketing, the concept of stock-to-sales ratio shows the relationship between the quantity of inventory in stock and the amount of sales. In August, there will be a high stock-to-sales ratio as compared to that of September. According to Toomey (2010), a high ratio in August means that substantial value of capital is tied up in inventory with little sales. On the contrary, September comes with significant sales; hence the ratio reduces as inventory value melts away due to increasing sales. This rule helps retail managers to acknowledge the fact that approximately 80% of sales will come from 20% of the entire stock. On the contrary, 20% of the stock levels will cause 80% of the losses incurred during sales. According to Toomey (2010), the Pareto rule helps retail managers to focus on only 20% of the inventory levels. This rule should serve as a reminder that managers should focus on controlling inventory levels of fast-selling

Identifying Rhetorical Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identifying Rhetorical Devices - Essay Example In another instance, cities are described as being ‘welcoming and humane’. Personification enables readers to understand the significance of introducing these identity cards, which is to make all city residents feel they belong. The article also uses allusion when it refers to immigrants who use their cards as ‘Scarlet letter’. This is in reference to the 1850 work of fiction where a woman was made to wear a scarlet with the letter ‘A’ to mean adultery. Allusion here elaborates the lack of status that immigrants suffer in foreign cities. Poetry Magazine Issue 14 has an article titled ‘Is that you, Walt Whitman?’ This article, written by Therese Stanton uses numerous rhetoric devices. It talks about a devastated Whitman who has tried every career but has not found a suitable one. It also describes a detailed series of events that lead Whitman to the identification of poetry as his passion (Stanton, 2011). Amplification is the repetitive use words or phrases to emphasize. This article applies amplification in the words ‘Tuesday’ and ‘mad’ to emphasize Walt’s frustrated state of mind. Stanton also uses alliteration in this article when she writes ‘fiddle footed, flighty, fluttery†¦hyperactive, hyperkinetic†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This device provides a rhythm in the article making it interesting to the readers. The Editorial Board (February 12, 2014) Mr. de Blasio’s Welcoming Gesture. The New York Times Retrieved February 15, 2014 from

The major challenges facing the criminal justice system Assignment

The major challenges facing the criminal justice system - Assignment Example The researcher states that crime levels by the youth have reduced more than half in the last forty years. Drug use is a major challenge since it has been increasing despite numerous resources put into reducing the vice. Addicts should not be treated as criminals but as sick people that need treatment. This will lower demand for drugs and bring down its use. Violence against women is an area where not much gain has been made. Strategies need to be revised with a focus on challenging attitudes in men that tend to promote it. Much effort however has been put to support victims and counsel them. Over criminalization reduces liberties and makes every mistake a crime. Certain mistakes should not be criminalized and the public should be educated on the existing laws and regulations as some people could be breaking the law without being aware of it. Public opinion polls and surveys always return a verdict that crime or the fear of it is one of the biggest concerns of the citizenry. Certain a reas would be confused for a war zone as the ring of gun shots, gun shot wounds and injuries or injuries inflicted by other means are a common occurrence. Crime statistics continue to soar; from everyday burglary and cheating to homicides, rape and even terrorism and as time passes and technology advances so does the level of sophistication. A current trend is that of fraud and cyber crimes where there is no contact but the financial and psychological damage is equally devastating. The situation is made worse by a tight economic system, rising inflation and unemployment which puts a strain on people’s finances. ... r challenges facing the criminal justice system from a theoretical, historical and a functional angle by reviewing various literature and trends and makes a conclusion at the end. Literature review Question One: One of the biggest challenges to the criminal justice system is violence by the youth. While the youth are the future leaders and the human capital necessary to move the nation forward, they also participate substantially in criminal activity. FBI statistics show for example that in 2005, youths aged 10 to 17 years comprised 15.4 percent of the population while also committing 15.4 percent of the crimes reported nationally (â€Å"Youth facts†, 2012). Of the youth population, 20 to 24 year olds commit most of the crime with males being the dominant offenders. Statistics show that the leading cause of death among American youth aged between 10 to 24 years is homicide (â€Å"CDC†, 2011). Violence also causes most of the non fatal injuries among the same age group ( 10 -24 year olds). Youth violence has been reducing in number though as data shows that in the period between 1964 to 1969, youths aged between 10 and 17 years made up 21.9 percent of the American population and committed 32.1 percent of all the crimes (â€Å"Youth facts†, 2012). But while the involvement of youths in criminal activity has been reducing, the fatality and lethal nature of youth violence has been getting worse. Acts of violent shootings in schools have been reported and the cause of youth violence is attributed to having criminal parents, broken homes, and abandonment. Early criminal tendencies is a pointer to future crime potential with evidence suggesting that adult criminality and delinquency during adolescence can be traced to problematic behaviors in children (Chaiken, 1995). These

Introduction to Operational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Operational Management - Essay Example This write-up presents a discussion about the approach to operational strategy for improving Going Inc’s airline business that services the United States, Europe and Asia and its aircraft manufacturing business. Going Inc has a higher than industry average figures for flight delays, baggage and security related check-in delays and late arrival figures for flights. In addition, Going Inc’s manufacturing operations for small aircraft must meet increasing market demand. Going Inc’s airline service has been losing business for the past twenty months despite attempts to present a high-class image and competitors are likely to win if Going Inc cannot supply the small aircrafts that it manufactures to customers in a timely manner. Appendix A presents the observations for Going Inc’s airline service business and its aircraft manufacturing business unit. The difference between operations strategy for bringing about an improvement in Going Inc’s airline business and for enhancing the ability of Going Inc’s aircraft manufacturing to take advantage of increased market demand is the difference between operational strategy for service and that for manufacturing (Lynch, 2006, Pp. 330 – 332). Manufactured aircrafts are products, while airline operations represent a service orientation for customers who will want to avail themselves of the service offered by the airline if they like the package that is being presented to them for a price. Most of the published research in the area of operations strategy relates to product manufacturing strategy. However, services are now an important part of the economy and telecommunications, travel, airlines and banking present significant contributions to the GDP in any nation. Services present significant differences from manufactured products and five main differences between servi ce offerings and products have been identified as follows (Lynch, 2006,

Counter Terrorism in Comparative Perspective Essay

Counter Terrorism in Comparative Perspective - Essay Example Terrorism has over the years become one of the most pressing and complex issues facing various governments. Despite the attempts made to solve the problem, terrorism still remains a crucial threat to national and global security. The objectives of counterterrorism are to neutralize terrorist cells and operatives and minimize the probability of a terrorist attack. The analysis of the threat of exposure and response to terrorism acts is a collaboration between different institutions of the state such as investigative, prosecutorial, and law enforcement institutions (Setty 2010, p.152). This paper puts UK’s and Spain’s counterterrorism policies into perspective. The comparative analysis spotlights controversial aspects in counterterrorism such as detention devoid of trial, excessive surveillance, and deportation of suspected terrorists. The analysis borrows from intertwining axes of legal norms (emanating from international as well as national perspectives) and the associa ted political tenets. However, the success of counterterrorism efforts is not clear cut as they can thrive in a certain country and fail in another. Amnesty, conciliation, repression, legal reform, and restriction, are some of the counterterrorism strategies that states can adopt. United Kingdom Counterterrorism Strategy The UK has a long and chaotic history of fighting domestic and foreign terrorization such as conflicts between Irish Republican Army (IRA), which had escalated in the 1970’s, but largely resolved in 1998. However, the UK has recently been grappling with home grown Islamist extremists. UK counterterrorism strategy can be traced back to the legislation of the Prevention of Violence Act 1939. The Terrorism Act 2000 substituted the earlier counter terrorism policies with a bold policy (Sidel 2007, p. 170). This policy was followed by the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, which featured after 9/11 attacks. The prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 was drafte d post 7 July 2005 London bombings. The Terrorist Act handed the government enhanced powers for suppressing terrorists and their sympathisers. It also instilled coherence in the country’s anti-terrorist legislation (Orttung & Makarychev 2006, p. 4). Counterterrorism laws in UK elevate the rule of law, as well as the call for preservation of civil rights and liberties for terrorist detainees pursuant to criminal prosecution. The judicial scrutiny encompasses whether reasonable grounds exist to charge the detainee with a terrorist offense. The terrorism Act 2000 initially instituted a seven-day period but subsequent amendment accommodated a maximum of 14-day detention without trial in the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Sidel 2007, p. 166). In 2006, the UK government sought to extend the pre-charge detention to 90 days but was scaled down to 28-day limit as established in the Terrorism Act 2006. The UK government has continued to register its preference to extend the pre-charge peri od. Nevertheless, the constitutionality and the efficacy of the extension have come under heavy attack from human rights activists. The pre-charge detention has produced mixed results with lingering questions on efficacy, safeguarding of rights and contribution to national security, observance of rule of law, and institutional legitimacy. Ever since the July 2005 terrorist attacks, the

Introduction to Operational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Operational Management - Essay Example This write-up presents a discussion about the approach to operational strategy for improving Going Inc’s airline business that services the United States, Europe and Asia and its aircraft manufacturing business. Going Inc has a higher than industry average figures for flight delays, baggage and security related check-in delays and late arrival figures for flights. In addition, Going Inc’s manufacturing operations for small aircraft must meet increasing market demand. Going Inc’s airline service has been losing business for the past twenty months despite attempts to present a high-class image and competitors are likely to win if Going Inc cannot supply the small aircrafts that it manufactures to customers in a timely manner. Appendix A presents the observations for Going Inc’s airline service business and its aircraft manufacturing business unit. The difference between operations strategy for bringing about an improvement in Going Inc’s airline business and for enhancing the ability of Going Inc’s aircraft manufacturing to take advantage of increased market demand is the difference between operational strategy for service and that for manufacturing (Lynch, 2006, Pp. 330 – 332). Manufactured aircrafts are products, while airline operations represent a service orientation for customers who will want to avail themselves of the service offered by the airline if they like the package that is being presented to them for a price. Most of the published research in the area of operations strategy relates to product manufacturing strategy. However, services are now an important part of the economy and telecommunications, travel, airlines and banking present significant contributions to the GDP in any nation. Services present significant differences from manufactured products and five main differences between servi ce offerings and products have been identified as follows (Lynch, 2006,

Urban Life in the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Urban Life in the Middle Ages Essay The book â€Å"Urban Life in the Middle Ages† by Keith D. Lilley discusses historical development and urban changes affected urban population during the Middle Ages. The author claims that: †the Middle Ages is a contested heritage – it means different things for different people† (p. 21). Lilley describes a medieval town as the main regional and even cultural unit which kept traditions, values and unique way of life. The book consists of an introduction, 7 chapters, conclusions, tables, figures and plates. The first three chapters address urban culture and heritage, legal foundations of towns and the main institutions. The author describes medieval culture and legacies, the main factors and driven forces of change. Also, Lilley draws a line between medieval urban heritage and contemporary culture stating that â€Å"medieval urbanism impinges upon the modern age’ (p. 17). The second chapter describes the main institutions and their impact on and role in urbanism. Lilley pays a special attention to chartered towns, functions of municipal government and urban governance. The fourth chapter discusses emergence of and development of towns in England and Wales, France and in east Central Europe. Lilley explains that in many countries, towns’ population was numbered thousands rather than hundreds, and the city was clearly differentiated from the rural settlements around it. Within the city, however, population, as not particularly dense, and certainly was not uniformly distributed. Lilley suggests that a significant proportion of the area within towns was used for agriculture or viniculture, while a town remained a center of cultural, religious and material life. The fifth and the sixth chapters are devoted to urban planning and ownership. Lilley writes that urban population paid much attention to landscapes and urban planning which marked city’s identity and national culture. Lilley gives examples of urban designs, structure of urban settlements and location of the central part and periphery of the city. The sixth chapter describes the main types of property rights and landholding. The fundamental fact about the property rights was their fragmentation. Holdings were scattered over a wide area: a couple of holdings in one settlement, a vineyard in the next, an estate in the next still. Even within rural settlements large, compact blocks of land or sizable estates comprising an entire settlement were extremely rare. In the seventh chapter, Lilley describes domestic life and personality of townspeople, their values and preferences, way of life and traditions, occupations and trade. The book does not have a separate chapter for church and its impact on town life, but Lilley discusses the problems and issues of churches in every chapter. He underlines that religion played a crucial role in lives of medieval people determining their way of life and traditions. Churches were predominantly found in urban contexts, and monastic foundations were increasingly favored by the elite. The surrounding countryside was dotted with small family monasteries, nunneries and proprietary churches. A society in which rural elites were increasingly prepared to invest in a local church or a family monastery was one in which they might also be prepared to make donations to large-scale monastic foundations to build up their local prestige. I would recommend this book to everyone interested in history and sociology, archeology, urban planning and cultural studies. The book is based on substantial analysis of resources and historical documents, and involves excellent illustrative materials for every chapter. A unique vision of historical development and comparative analysis with modern city planning and culture Works Cited 1. Lilley, K. D. Urban Life in the Middle Ages: 1000-1450 (European Culture and Society). Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Globalisation and the Global City

Globalisation and the Global City Introduction Globalization, it is not a new phenomenon (Stead, 2012) but has massive influenced in the late 20th century around the world, which has strongly affected on urban system in Europe, economics, political, cultural, environmental dimensions. People speculate and make hypothesis about globalization is related to competitiveness of cities with strong economic, innovative and creative ideas or structure on city planning. Most of researches about competitive city are premised on cities do compete to each other, however, few scholars do question about it. What is competitiveness? Is it comparison with others? What aim do they want to achieve? Definition of competitiveness The definition of competitiveness is different in several aspects. For companies, it is ability to produce products and service to meet the needs of customers and make maximum profit. For nations, it is degree to extend peoples income and maintain harmony of country with specific conditions within the world (OECD, 1994). For cities, it is an ability to generate better life, better goods, and better investment (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013). Competition is everywhere, but to what extent can be defined as competition between cities. It is hard to clearly contend and identify do cities or regions compete, in terms of different dimensions of definition in competition, and different contentions. The competition is between nations- states or cities and regions? It is hard to clarify which one is it, can the competition between cities be the one within states? London as a city usually presents as United Kingdom in global ranking. Such as in wealth of country ranking, technically, most of GDP are from London, which literally can present United Kingdom. This paper is to discover whether cities or regions compete to each other or not, and what do they compete for. Generally, there are two different criteria: economics aspect, and innovation or creativity. To question is global city can present competitive city? Some emerging challenges from globalization, technology changes, new economy, demographic density, and uncertainty for cities and regions. Cities compete? Very few studies have showed cities dont compete. Krugman (1995) contends that cities and regions do not compete to each other, they are fields for companies to compete for innovative and creative people and market.ÂÂ   Nevertheless, Porter (2016), has argued that cities compete to each other. Cities compete in different ways from state-nations, they dont compete to win trading or assert the territory, which nations-states do. Moreover, it is not like business competition, cities competition doesnt concentrate on any single object to make the maximum profit. They do compete funds from government, tourism, population of the city, wealth, employment, investment and good reputation across the country or within the world (Begg, 1999; Saez, 2015; Favero, 2016; Ratcliffe, 2006; Stewart, 1996). The prevailing urban policies are concentrated on social circumstances, affordable housing, for example, these are important for cities competitiveness (Porter, 1994). Such as, in UK, there was a competition for cities and towns, to elect the best city or town through notable feature, significantly regionally/nationally, historical features and forward looking attitude (UK gov., 2001). The title from the competition may lead lots of effects for the city. Competitiveness of city is deemed performance of city occasionally, and it can present quality of life (Begg, 1999; Rogerson, 1999). Production of city is dynamic measurement for citys competitiveness. The main key indicators of competitiveness: economics, technological innovation, environment, global linkages, government management, and social cohesion (Ni, 2013). However, most of researches intensify on economics. In Faveros (2016) paper, he referred that hard economics, such as, cost of labour and employment rate of city are the most common hard economics factors to be discussed in citys competitiveness. When employment rate is higher than others may mean that the city is more competitive. On the contrary, open urban climate may influence competitiveness and is more like soft economics in urban development. Porter (1998) has stated that environment does affect cities competitiveness, economic extension or development may be solution for city growth. In the past, cities could compe te for goods and services, due to the fast- changing environment, contemporary, people is crucial element. Florida (2002) has built 3Ts model, which includes technology, talent and tolerance, these three factors attract creative people flow into cities and lead citys growth. Additionally, Crossa (2016) has asserted that creative city is capable to attract all kinds of professional people turns to be more competitive in this world at present. Cities which are more diverse and innovative may lead inflow of population. Innovative and creative people are fundamental to cities and regions; they are implements to interest firms and investment, lead success and economics growth for the areas (Paas, 2012). However, major competition in cities and regions is unclear or be demonstrated, there are multi- objectives in different areas to compete for, conversely, firms have clear single objective in competition- profits (Porter, 2016). Consequence from competition. Globalization is one of trends in governments, cities are facing some challenges about financial pressure, national security, institutional relations and role of government changing, environmental degradation, cultural and social changing, and lead to borderless, increasing competition and cooperation within cities and regions (Ratcliffe, 2006). Cities can borrow successful ideas and practices from other cities through globalization (Stead, 2012). It may bring legislative and administrative changes of localized institutions and policies, and raise competitiveness in cities and regions. However, while competition is happening, cooperation is acting simultaneously, such as, INTERREG Programme; it is facilitated cooperation by the EU with planners around Europe for their common development. In addition, cooperation between cities and regions can developed by making sister cities to build networking and promote cultural notions. Brakman (2015) claims that cooperation by having twinning c ities can decrease transaction cost and significantly grow faster, which facilitate cities more competitive. Tosic (2007) also asserts that cooperation may lead stronger competitiveness and strategies of planning. Continuing from INTERREG Programme in Europe aids countries, cities, counties, or regions to address problems and derive experiences and apply new approaches from others, also cope with variety of things from different fields. B-Team, it is one of projects from INTERREG Programme which is about development of brownfield before greenfield land as a principle of continuous growth in Belfast, it was involved 14 partners from 11 different countries ran for three years to regenerate brownfield to be more efficient for communities and aimed to help partners to improve regeneration policies and developed integration of planning process. This project illustrates transferability by publishing to share with others who are interesting in it and may adopt it (B-Team, 2012). Significan tly, it has great influence on investment. The participatory urban planning is a method to attract investors, stakeholders and actors to charm their interest and find out innovative solutions and procedures. Cooperation in this project do affect in regeneration process, and learn wider range of implements and manners, additionally, raising competitive in the city. Once city is more competitive, it possesses advantageous position in competitions. Competition between cities and regions has successfully attracted government and investors with forcing local institutions and governance to develop and reform (Lever, 1999). Competitive city generates economic growth and wealth with extending local market, creating opportunities and jobs for commonality, allocating more funds for infrastructures and planning (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013). Being competitive attracts creative and innovative individuals and corporations gather. For example, in China, economic boom has been leading strongly influence on construction, which causes more competition between cities. Beijing and Shanghai, two colossal cities were competing the opera houses, which was designed by famous French architect. Contemporary, these constructions have successfully attracted attentions, also brought enormous influence for city (Wyne, 2006). It may lead tourism growth, and economic growth indirectly. The competition can arouse faithfulness and pride of residents and people m ay understand local authorities agenda better. Gospodini (2002) contends there are two parts of cities, which are opposite extremes in European urban system, metropolitan cities and smaller peripheral cities without indigenous resources for development. Rural regions may be more active to competition than urban regions, and try to stand out from it to get more opportunities for region and be more competitive to increase attention in certain competition. However, competition has driven by localized government and institutions, which may lead different results. The Three Sisters competition which is running within Southern Ireland- Waterford, Kilkenny and Wexford, competing the title of European Capital of Culture 2020. The title may bring tourism growth for the county, which lead economic growth in rural and urban area of Ireland. The competition is taking place in 2015 and 2016, which is a long-term form of planning, the result will be released in 2020. For years competing to each other, leading higher reputation and more well kn own, this title may bring growth of tourism and investment, having impact on economic growth. The reputation of the city would boom in the world, especially in Europe. City would have more funds from national government, retrieve local authorities with economic growth. In order to win the competition, local government may propose some policies for locuss development. There may be some special constructions or operations to stress on their characteristics, renewing heritages, or re-planning the place. However, there are some issues in rural area, three counties have limited fiscal resources and innovative ideas, which may cause passive operations on promoting. In Waterford city, for example, promotion flags of the competition are hung in city centre, but realistic situation is that few people have heard or weak understanding or confused about the aim of competition. There is no practical action to promote or implement it from localized government. This is a huge problem for regions o utside metropolitan area. It is important to courage and regenerate area through central authoritys support on centralized or decentralized planning. Global cities Global cities can be seen as competitive cities, which relate to different dimensions in economics, political, informative, cultural, societal, services concepts (Teece, 1990). The overall of global cities index in top 25 is assumption of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement. The first bar chart below (Figure 1.1) displays that global elites are London, New York, and Paris which are hub of cultures, politics and economics with strong business activity and performance of labour, creativity (human capital). The top three have massive gap from last three in the ranking, in terms of strong business activities and performance of labour. Surprisingly, San Francisco and Boston take place in top 5 of good performance of city (Figure 1.2) based on personal well- being, economics, innovation, and governance. Nevertheless, it stands out from other cities may due to endeavour and implementation on innovation. Conversely, Houston instead of Paris or Tokyo squeezes into top 5; four out of five are cities from America, which can be presumed that America has advantageous position on economic and innovation in the world. These two bar charts prove that economic and innovation are the main reasons for city to be global city or competitive city. Figure 1.1 The Top 25 Global Cities Index, Rank and Score Source: A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2. Figure 1.2 The Top 25 Global Cities Outlook, Rank and Score Source: A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2. Evolving challenges Being ranked as a global city can be seen as a city with well competitiveness in environmental, political, spatial, social sites in order to further widen development. The competitive advantages have enormous influence on social welfare, politics position, public infrastructures, local services, financial support, media service, tourism planning, educational support and organization, international trading and may easily become headquarter of company or investment (Han 2005). Nevertheless, some issues and challenges have emerged, such as, new economy, technological changes, demographic density, urban design, and uncertainty (Ratcliffe, 2006). Globalization forces to transfer into new global economy, which may make different trends of competitiveness, politics, welfare, environment, investment and connectivity with others. To carter to sustain competitiveness, policies should be modified. Sometimes, planning policies hardly identify trends or require long-term periods to adapt it. While technological changes, informational functions are affected and implement of communication within cities and regions, progress equipment may influence progress and service. If city doesnt follow up technological changes, probably, it would lose competitive advantage in new era. Inflow of migrants is phenomenon of competitive city, extension of population strongly impacts on urban planning, affordable housing, work opportunities, criminal issues, transportation, greenfield, environmental problems, public infrastructures, education, and quality of life. Urban design and planning in competitive city consider about aesthetics objects, environme ntal dimension, political pressure, economic constraints, residential conditions. Approaches of planning are complex and uncertain, they suppose to adapt into dynamic changes, which means they should be creative and innovative strategies to prepare future changes. Evolving challenges from competition between cities and regions- Globalization is happening, transnational capital and international flows of labours are strongly influenced by it. Conclusion The competition between cities and regions do happen, meanwhile, so do cooperation. Both of them are crucial for cities to be global city. Many evidences demonstrate that cities and regions engage with competitiveness and cooperation (Tosic, 2007; Teece, 1990). The department of trade and industry of UK has published a report (2005) about the position in EU, and it clearly asserts that they do support the competition and open market in Europe in order to attract more creative people and investment, and reinforce on innovation and competition. The competition could encourage cities or regions have new ideas, moving forward, becoming different and better. There are more advantages than disadvantages in cities and regions competition, which brings diversity and implementation. If there is no competition between cities and regions, people dont want to move on, no motivation to improve or change themselves, and no city growth. Less opportunities for city, outflow of population, city will face recession. No one want to get better, city wont be better and wont catch the changing world and eventually, be deserted by the world.ÂÂ   With competitiveness, cities have proven more successful in long term. However, competition and cooperation are acting simultaneously, both are crucial for city growth, it is important to find the balance of them. The solution for evolving challenges may be decentralized in urban area. Localized authority should widen the concentration from centre, regenerating field, identifying role of authorities, following trends of globalization, cooperating with cities, more acquisition of knowledge from others. References Anonymous, 2001. UK Government: Fifteen cities compete for grant of a lord mayoralty. Press release, 25 October 2001. 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European Cities in Competition and the New Uses of Urban Design. Urban Design. [Online] Available at: http://www.scholars-on-bilbao.info/fichas/GospodiniJUD2002.pdf> [Accessed 10 December 2016]. Han, S. S., 2005. Global city making in Singapore: a real estate perspective. Progress Planning, [e-journal] 64(2), 69-175. Available through: University College London Library website http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library> [Accessed 16 December 2016]. Krugman, P., 1995. Competition, cooperation, and innovation: Organizational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological process. Economic Behaviour and Organization, [e-journal] 18(1), 1-25. Available through: University College London Library website http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library> [Accessed 18 November 2016]. Lever, W. F.,1999. Competitive City In Europe. Urban Studies, [e-journal] 36(5-6), 1029-1044. Available through: University College London Library website http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library> [Accessed 16 November 2016]. Lever, W. F., Turok, I., 1999. 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