Gender Differences in Leadership Essay

1. What are the strongest points of the paper? What do you consider are its main contributions to the field of global people management? The paper itself has a very interesting purpose with the research question of whether women leaders are â€Å"really† different from men leaders. The paper gives a very good introduction in particular giving the literature review in order to get familiar with some basic knowledge on the topic of gender differences in leadership. The review focus combination of stereotypes and cultural differences stresses out well a new viewpoint of the problem, which has not been discussed that widely in prior research. Also the introduction of the new notion â€Å"stereotype threat†, which actually might be viewed as a partly solution for women sometimes performing not as well as they possibly could is an interesting point for management issues in reality. However the strongest points of the paper are evident. The introduction of the new concept of three paradigms: gender-blind view, gender-conscious view and that perception creates reality are not only the strongest points of the pap er, but in my opinion can also be considered as contributions to the field of global people management. This new paradigms could possibly change the perception of companies, maybe companies will use the tool of the three paradigms to analyse their own structures and be able to improve situations for women, giving them more possibilities. 2. What are the weakest points of the paper? (E.g. What arguments are not strong enough? What is not clear? What is missing?) Potential drawbacks are that paradigms are introduced, but not sufficiently discussed within. Also the paper gives good examples where they can be found, it could show more proof for their existence apart from summarising and drawing them together from old findings. Also the paper does not find a good way how to manage diversity and to capture it. It does not manage the combination of cost-effective coordination and senility to local cultures. Likewise the paper focuses on only two firms, â€Å"Fuel† and â€Å"Excel†, which are very different in how they â€Å"fill† out the paradigms. In my opinion two firms are not enough, more firms should be reviewed for example in a questionnaire in order to give more support for the findings. Correspondingly the paper does not include a focus on multinational firms, which is very important not to leave out in times of globalization. The last criticism is that the paper is unable to answer it’s paper purpose question à ¢â‚¬Å"what is the real difference between men and women in leadership†. 3. How could the author make the paper better? When writing the literature review the could build up the research papers and the gained knowledge chronologically and not going back and forth in the research dates. As the paper is missing some numbers, the technique of hypothesis could have been used, a bigger number of companies questioned in survey style as then a quantitative analysis would exist as evidence for whether the problem exists in real life and whether paradigms can be implied in the general management world. Also the point of view of women on this topic would be very interesting and more expedient. How do women perceive the gender different initiatives, what would they like as support? Also the paper as already mentioned should include a focus on multinational firms and include those in a study.

Bulgaria country

The principle of Bulgarian foreign strategy is to carry on defining the international priorities and tactical orientation of their country, being accountable to its citizens and to their associates and partners. Bulgaria aims at clearness and predictability in resolution making and completion of foreign policy and applies an unbiased approach in foreign policy behavior and initiatives. (Seymore B, 1993, p. 70) Bulgaria is a staunch backer of the universal self-governing and humanitarian values and ensues from their defense and promotion as a structure for its foreign policy.Bulgaria’s EU association has created new opportunities for enhancing the country’s task and reputation in the international neighborhood. (Blankson A, 2007, p. 92) How Bulgaria uses its ‘Instruments of foreign policy’ to influence the international community Bulgaria is building great efforts to endorse peace, security and constancy especially on a local scale, and globally as well, gui ded by the sympathetic of the indivisibility of intercontinental security and by its loyalty to universal democratic and human principles. (Stone W, 2002, p. 87)Bulgaria as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) associate, continues its hard work towards adequate and effective participation in the policy and decision making procedure of NATO and for the triumphant integration of the nationwide interests. (Stone W, 2002, p. 88) Bulgaria pursues vigorous foreign policy that takes full explanation of the challenges of globalizing contemporary world. The country continues to triumph recognition as a dependable partner in fighting terrorism and other intimidation to international safety. (Brzezinski W, 2002, p. 98)Moreover, Bulgaria focuses on the expansion of the existing intercontinental forms of efficient counteraction and prevention of the propagation of weapons of mass obliteration and of ensuring effective sell abroad control. (Brzezinski Z, 1997, p. 100) Amongst the main prio rities of Bulgarian foreign policy are the fortification of human rights and elementary freedoms and the adherence of the generally established international standards. Bulgaria supports the improvement of the accessible system of intercontinental mechanisms and bodies for human rights monitoring and fortification in order to improve their effectiveness.(Stone W, 2002, p. 89) Bulgaria has been an active partaker in military operations outside its boundaries. Currently, it has corporation sized units running with alliance forces in Afghanistan and Iraq and has maintained little contingents of troops urbanized with international military in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. It deployed a frigate to Lebanon with UNIFIL in late 2006 and has more than a few military observers helping in support of United Nations missions in Ethiopia, Liberia, and Kosovo. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 61) Bulgaria’s association with its neighbors has in general been good.Bulgaria has verified to be a produc tive force in the county and has played a significant role in promoting local security amongst the international community. (Stone W, 2002, p. 89) According to the World Bank, in 2006 Bulgaria engrossed the uppermost levels of foreign direct investment as a share of GDP among the Eastern European countries. However, a growing current account shortfall estimated to have reached 20% of GDP and extreme reliance on foreign assets inflow rendered the financial system vulnerable to exterior shock.Nevertheless, to attract supplementary foreign investment, the Bulgarian administration lowered company tax rates to 10% which was the lowest fee in Europe. A flat duty rate of 10% for individual income would further decrease domestic effort costs and help decrease the share of the gray financial system. As a result, the assembly passed fiscal devolution of municipalities giving way authority over compilation and administration of some levies, therefore further enhancing local monetary stability among the intercontinental community.(Brzezinski A, 1997, p. 99) Bulgaria is making stable efforts to toughen its national security for which the chief military and political assurance stems from the county’s association in NATO. Bulgaria is concerned both in preserving NATO’s principle role associated with the communal defense of its Member States, and in the expansion of the Alliance’s capabilities for adequate comeback to the new intimidation and challenges. (Seymore B, 1993, p. 75) HOW THREE INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES APPLY TO BULGARIAThe closing stage of the Cold War era of bipolarity has raised numerous important questions regarding the function of the United States in the Balkans. The United States and its NATO associates have made diverse commitments regarding the security challenges that have arisen in that area since the early 1990’s. (Blankson A, 2007, p. 93) The United States affirmed its support for political and economic reorganization in Bulg aria and committed its awareness and resources to endorse Sofia’s engagement in Western safety institutions.(Seymore B, 1993, p. 80) The three international strategies include drug trafficking, struggle against crime, corruption and terrorism. Bulgaria recognizes the solemn threat of drug trafficking within and throughout the country. Domestic and international structured crime groups, numerous of which involved in prohibited trade in other possessions and in financial crimes, frequently alter the tendencies and models for use of the region of the country for storage space and shipment of prohibited drugs.The arrangement and methods used by these groups are under steady surveillance by law enforcement agencies with a scrutiny to preventing allotment of drugs and their effect on political, social, economic and culture spheres of our life. (Stone W, 2002, p. 91) Bulgaria is geologically well placed to play a momentous role in enhancing the international anti-drug attempt. Over the current years Bulgaria has a foremost position amongst European countries in terms of heroin seizures and the intercontinental community’s aim is to carry on to contribute considerably to curbing and counteracting illegal drug trafficking.(Blankson A, 2007, p. 98) Having in mind the long-time obligation to international labors against illegal drug trafficking and to the struggle against international violence, the Republic of Bulgaria is resolutely resolved to make stronger its actions for reducing those illegal activities on the region of the country and internationally. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 66) U. S FOREIGN POLICY OBJECTIVES TO BULGARIA In May 2005, the United States and the Republic of Bulgaria signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement which gives the United States armed right of entry to and shared use of numerous Bulgarian military amenities.The United States military intends to use this right of entry to facilitate joint preparation with the Bulgarian and Romanian milit aries. (Blankson A, 2007, p. 102) Moreover, in February 2007, Bulgaria and the Unites States signed an agreement on evasion of double taxation that is anticipated to further endorse U. S. investment in Bulgaria. (Seymore B, 1993, p. 83) The most important U. S. interest in Bulgaria is to uphold the region’s constancy and security so that conflicts do not have an effect on U. S. welfare in Western Europe and the Middle East. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 71) HOW FOREIGN POLICY OF BULGARIA AFFECTS THE UNITED STATESBulgaria foreign policy precedence number one is to make sure full membership of their state in the European Union from 1 January 2007. The labors of all authorities at all administration levels will be mobilized to make certain the completion of the commitments undertaken in the negotiation procedure, and the triumphant ratification by EU Member States of the Accession Treaty, signed on 25 April 2005 and ratified by the Bulgaria National Assembly on 11 May 2005. (Stone W, 2002 , p. 92) Bulgaria pursues a dynamic foreign policy that takes full explanation of the challenges of a globalizing modern globe.The country continues to triumph recognition as a dependable partner in skirmishing terrorism and other threats to intercontinental security. An active strategy aimed at establishing working mechanisms for intercontinental cooperation and harmonization of counterterrorism labors will be implemented to support the U. S. (Brzezinski Z, 1997, p. 98) Moreover, the expansion of the obtainable international forms of effectual counteraction and avoidance of the propagation of weapons of mass obliteration and of ensuring effectual export control also assists United States in dealing with terrorism.Bulgaria upholds its associations of strategic joint venture with the U. S. in the context of transatlantic collaboration and will aspire to further make stronger the monetary relations. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 78) Bulgaria’s companionship with the U. S. has to be put i n the context of how it has affected the balance of power and nationwide interests amongst other local states. A close Washington-Sofia relationship comes at a moment when there is a main change going on in the Russian Federation. Currently oil and gas revenues united with Vladimir Putin’s tough management, have managed to put Russia back in order.Putin is beginning to look to his foreign policy and his armed forces in order to project Russian welfare abroad and reinstate Russia’s customary spheres of influence. (Brzezinski Z, 1997, p. 105) The foreign policy of Bulgaria has led to coalition U. S. -Bulgarian alliance. For instance; throughout the Cold War, Bulgaria was extensively seen as a staunch Moscow satellite under the management of Todor Zhivkov. Fifteen years later following the fall of the Soviet Union, it is on its way to joining the West through N. A. T. O. and European Union membership.(Seymore B, 1993, p. 86) Bulgarian foreign policy is the fortification o f human rights and elementary freedoms and the observation of the generally accepted intercontinental standards in this field. The country supports the view that individual rights are worldwide, interdependent, indivisible and interconnected. In this context, Bulgaria supports as an issue of principle the improvement of the existing scheme of international mechanisms and bodies for individual rights monitoring and fortification in order to improve their efficiency towards United States.(Stone W, 2002, p. 94) Conclusion Bulgarian foreign policy is based on the worldwide approach and indivisibility of safety both in general and within NATO and the EU, and it’s intended at attaining equal amount of security for all associate States. The standard of solidarity on the other hand is articulated in the country’s involvement within its potential in the international assistance for growth as well as all along the lines of promoting democracy. REFERENCE LIST Blankson. A (2007) N egotiating Democracy: Media Transformations in emerging,Sunny Press. ISBN: 0791472337. Brzezinski. Z (1997) Russia and the Common Wealth of Independent States, M. E. Sharpe Publishers. ISBN: 1563246376. Cronin. K (2004) Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, Georgetown University Press. ISBN: 0878403477. Seymore. B (1993) International Affairs Directory of Organizations, ABC-CLIO Publishers. ISBN: 0874366860. Stone. W (2002) Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund, Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0691095299.

Our country's obsession with beauty Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Our country's obsession with beauty - Assignment Example The stereotypical bleached blond, silicone enhanced, toned bodied and presumably dim-witted â€Å"bimbette† gets the attention from both sexes. Men want them. Women want to be like them, especially young, impressionable females who still don’t fully appreciate the term â€Å"superficial.† The â€Å"Barbie Syndrome† is a symptom of a society that is focused on looks to the disadvantage of everyone. The idea that youthful looks consequentially translates to youthful desirability and energy is common and helps to further the concept of the body as object. Many studies regarding this phenomenon make a direct and dangerous connection of an appearance driven society with ever-increasing instances of eating disorders particularly among teenagers. It’s not only the media reinforcing image worship; teenagers follow the example of adults who are increasingly utilizing plastic surgery to improve physical features. Ultimately, it is society that decides what the idyllic human form should be and consequently it is the duty of the adults to decide to what degree, if any, physical attributes define an individual’s value. It is also society that responsible for ending the ridiculous, seemingly ingrained idea that the looks a woman was born with outweighs any accomplishments she has earned with hard work, and

Organisational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Communication - Essay Example Butler, because of his experience and thirst for improvements in business, used cognitive and rational appeals to employees that were much more driven by emotion at the organisational culture level. Emotional appeals tactics â€Å"must involve emotional elements because emotional elements are essential to persuading others and to overcoming resistance to change plans† (Fox and Amichai-Hamburger, 2001, p.85). Butler did not maintain an emotional connection to the pre-existing culture at the organisation and therefore did not include anything but rationalisation in his proposals which caused considerable resistance at multiple business levels. Butler’s first email regarding being a thorn in their side was the first example of noise that was likely considered both arrogance and lack of respect. In the decoding process, Campbell was also perceiving noise in the inter-office communications that were occurring between Butler about the incorporation of the Interpush software package. Campbell was the senior vice president at the company and likely found Butler’s lack of emotional appeals in his memorandums to be insubordinate and against organisational cultural elements. While Butler was attempting to use rational style, Campbell found this to be a threat to the organisational norm and did not appreciate what Campbell felt to be challenges to his authority and the status quo. Butler’s email pointing out the lack of viability regarding Interpush showed a lack of regard for that authority by essentially shooting down Campbell’s decision-making. â€Å"The trick for turnaround leaders is to show employees precisely how their plans differ from their predecessors† (Garvin and Roberto, 2005, p.106). Butler did not seem to have a solid plan of action, just very straight-forward and rather blunt rational communication style, creating barriers to accepting

The History of Pan-Africanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Pan-Africanism - Essay Example This was one of the greatest racial discrimination of this era, where blacks were being demoralized and oppressed on various grounds. The movement of Pan-African unity was very essential for African Americans. It helped them to identify politics, because African origin was not recognizing its people’s identity (Mayihlome, 2011). This era reduced differences between various people of Africa and supported indiscriminate "African" heritage. As a philosophy, Pan-Africanism represented an ethical system which traced origins from ancient times and promoted values of African civilization. It struggles against slavery, racial discrimination, neo-colonialism and colonialism. European slave trade was another concept used in Pan-Africanism. In past era Africans were forced for slavery from various origins and their descendants were breathing in an environment, where they were being exploited because at that time African origin became a sign of servile status. There were many differences such as political, cultural etc, but this concept of slavery was affecting people negatively. 1.2 Past scenario Africans were being treated as slaves in America, South America, and Caribbean. At this time migration of Africa (born out of the Berlin Conference of 1884 & 85) had begun. At first there was a movement of anti-slavery and anti-colonial amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora, in the late nineteenth century. Pan-Africanism developed in these decades. Pan-Africanism had provided shelter and created unity, independence, political and economic assistance and created chronological and cultural awareness among people (Young, 2010). The ideology of pan-Africanism  was based on  self-respect  and  so-called  Africa for the Africans. Its alternative  focus was on  ethnic  gathering. It changed colonial procedures without any political power. It highlighted all the  troubles  that African peope faced in this era and aided in the foundation of nationalism (Hakim, 2007). The entire past scenario of this movement and its value is described in the following points: ROOTS Pan-Africanism comprises of rich history, which dates back to eighteenth century. It originated from the New World rather than from Africa itself. People were bound by slavery in America and the Caribbean People of Africa were looking for their ancestral homeland, with missing sense of dignity and freedom. Pan-Africanism also represented those people who were born in captivity. Prince Hall, a black cleric  within  Boston, campaigned with the assistance of 1787 people in order to replace the disputes of  black in  Africa. Another black Bostonian, Quaker shipbuilder Paul Cuffe, took matters into his own hands  and with 1815 people founded a  village  within  Sierra Leone, which British considered as a refuge for freed and led to runaway of slaves, around 1787 people.   This movement was later termed as negritude, which stood to represent blackness (Fors ter, 1994). Past glory The effect of repatriation  was arguable in America in nineteenth century and many people participated in it such as Frederick Douglass,  contested  that black Americans should be given their rights. The efforts of American Colonization Society (largely white liberals) resulted  with another slave refuge: Liberia. Former slaves were replaced  towards Africa from Caribbean and Brazil. Later, in 1930's, the ideology of negritude ("blackness"), increased among French-speaking African  scholars  in France. Those Africans who kept protecting negritude contended that characteristics of the

The US Liberal Criminological Tradition Critical Analysis Essay

The US Liberal Criminological Tradition Critical Analysis - Essay Example There are clear statistics that show that some ethnic minorities are more likely to be associated with crime and the punitive system within both the US1 and the UK2. There is further evidence that this may be a result of ethnic discrimination and social stratification3, leading some scholars and supporters of liberal criminology to suggest that there is racial bias within the criminal justice system. There are those that go further and suggest that the punitive system does not represent what could be seen as a ‘true definition of criminality’ but rather a skewed view based on these ethnic and economic differences that evidence themselves in the statistics. This liberal criminology has become somewhat of a tradition, particularly in the US4, meaning that it has influences on criminological research in the UK and further afield. Whilst the aim to find a definition of true crime free from the effects of social and political order is perhaps noble, it can be difficult for sc holars to move away from the shadow that the US liberal criminological tradition has cast. ... This will provide insight into crime politics and how criminological traditions and research find themselves part of the legal landscape, and the effects that this type of background can have on contemporary research and attitudes within the field. The US Liberal Criminological Tradition To fully understand the nature of the question, it is perhaps prudent to examine the US liberal criminological tradition in more detail. Liberal criminology can be said to be the ‘perennial search for a measure of actual or real criminality’5. This search is deemed necessary partly because of the thought that crime figures (and the resultant research) often fails to account for crimes that have gone unreported or criminals that have not been prosecuted or otherwise recorded by the punitive system6. Liberal criminologists often go so far as to suggest that this way of analysing crime means that it is not true scientific research as it does not represent the scientific method7. The purpose of finding this true definition of criminality is to reduce the effects of political and socioeconomic factors on the justice system8. It has also been suggested that liberal criminologists ‘tend to share the hope that once real crime has been isolated and measured, its causes can be identified and solutions devised’9. Evidently, it is incredibly difficult to separate a justice system which relies on human judgement from political and socioeconomic factors present within the culture. Liberal criminology acknowledges this factor, but insists that much of the data provided on crime and criminals is false; ‘they reflect the bias inherent in an economically, ethnically, and racially stratified society’10. The argument here is perhaps

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Budgeting - Essay Example Budgets can set aims for attaining a certain level of profits and also maintaining expenses. â€Å"Budgeting can help a company use its limited financial and human resources in a manner which best exploit existing business opportunities† (Budgeting 2013). I will agree the statement of â€Å"management of any business will be ineffective without the preparation and use of budgets†. Following are some of arguments that will support to the agreement.Arguments for: - To Help Achieve Organization’s Goals: Budgets play efficient role in attaining organizational goals in this sense that these are the methods through passing which reach at the goals. In budget development process tries to predict that will productively reach at goals or not. Budgets puts the standards to attain goals and with the assist of these standards firms can assess the fluctuations happen throughout the year and aim to ascertain the cause from deviating from attaining the define objectives. Formulation of the budgets allows the organizational management to react actively to the market circumstances to fast way the goal achievement method. Risk identification would allow organization to adopt procedures that would guide to economic risk minimization. - To Compel Planning: The budget planning method allows the management to recognize and evaluation the impact on the organization’s cash flows, inventory planning with the balance sheet. It also allows the organization to access their monetary position and their needs of borrowing from the market. â€Å"Budgetary Control is planned to assist the management for policy formulation, planning, controlling and coordinating the general objectives of budgetary control† (Chapter 27: Budgeting and Budgetary Control n.d.).A financial budget is a firm’s estimated plan for the future period that will be stated in financial terms. It contains planned expenses, revenues, liabilities, assets and cash flows. It also assists the firm to manage its money and allow the management to create confident monetary decisions and get together his aims in the long run. It can also allow managers to arrange, assess them in detail and to decide on the greatest alternative methods. It also su pports managers to predict troubles before they happen, therefore it provide them time to think alternative methods of overcoming the troubles when it happen. It also assists to arrange for unexpected conditions. Budgeting by planning tends creates better result than a choice made at that moment. - To Communicate Ideas and Plans: In the budgeting procedures, managers in all departments justify the resources they require to get their goals. They justify to their managers the scope and capacity of their activities in addition to how their responsibilities will be performed. â€Å"A financial plan, or budget, is a decision-making tool based on the basic principles of scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost† (Budgeting your financial solutions 2013). The communication among subordinates and superiors assists affirms their mutual obligation to organization goals. Additionally, different units and departments must talk with each other throughout the budget

First Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

First Amendment - Essay Example She got furious, scolded him for being a failure all his life and quickly wrote him a referral to principal. Once Jacob refused to leave class, school security was called in to escort him out. Later a parent conference meeting was scheduled and he was awarded an hour detention for a week. Was Jacob’s right of freedom of expression under first amendment violated? Was the management decision justified? How can we draw a balance between rights and obligations under the garb of freedom of expression? One’s unpopular speech is other’s free speech. Is disciplining student a right reserved to college faculty? This essay tends to analyze these questions by comparing two essays from Stanley Fish and Stuart Taylor in order to seek a plausible role of first amendment in college campus. Stanley Fish, in his essay â€Å"The Free Speech Follies†, argues that there is general tendency in America to hide behind first amendment. He is clearly troubled by the double standar ds which prevail in college campuses seeking refuge under attire of first amendment. He advocates acceptance of consequences of one’s speech as there is never an obligation to say anything at any point of time. On the contrary, Stuart Taylor Jr., in his essay â€Å"How campus censors squelch freedom of speech†, argues that college campus policies violate the First Amendment rights of students and one shouldn’t be punished or penalized for what he/she say. Although, Taylor and Fish both make evenhanded arguments, Taylor’s arguments are more convincing because of his rational of a more comprehensive view of the First Amendment. Fish initial argument starts from Fredrick Schauer description of first amendment opportunism i.e., tendency to hide behind the first amendment. Both of them believe that â€Å"such claims are just moral, social, economical, ideological assertions but do not have any special philosophical and historical affinity with first amendment †. So, what was the philosophy which shaped first amendment? Wasn’t it to foster a society and land of free from tyranny? It was the dire need for protection of rights of all Americans to express their moral, religious, political, and other convictions / opinions that envisaged First Amendment. This philosophy shaped political, cultural, moral and social values promoting freedom of expression over the years. Critical thinking and approach is evident from Supreme Court’s interpretation of First amendment in series of judgments over the years. Therefore, it does not seem appropriate to assert that these claims have no philosophical and historical affinity with First Amendment. Fish is clearly troubled by the double standards practiced in campus. He illustrates it with example of editors in campuses. He believes that an editor exercise judgment when he decides what to publish or not and it is different from silencing and self censorship. Silencing means to compel or reduce to silence while censorship implies control exercised repressively (merriam-webster). Fish argues that no one is silenced because a single outlet declines to publish their work but still has choice to say what he wants to say. He believes â€Å"Silencing occurs when that outlet (or any other) is forbidden by the state to publish him on pain of legal action; censorship is the same†. He further adds â€Å"Self-censorship, in short, is not a crime or a moral failing; it is a responsibility† I agree with Fish on this account that there needs to be more

The education in the field of nursing in the commendable program Essay

The education in the field of nursing in the commendable program - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that according to an anonymous quote, â€Å"save one life, you are a hero. Save 100 lives, you are a nurse†. It would not be wrong to consider the profession of nursing as one of the strong pillars in the field of medicine. This profession not only involves the acquisition of effective medical knowledge and skills, it also requires a tender heart that can sympathize with the pain of the patients. The relevance of nursing is often undermined by being overshadowed with more attractive jobs of surgeons and consultants. The researcher believes that the doctors’ treatments need to be coupled with effective and tender care by nurses to ensure long term health for the patients. It is due to this belief that the author has been inclined towards this noble profession since many years and wants to pursue his education in your esteemed institution. The author’s childhood memories have some instances when the author’s parent s would take me to a shelter and spend time with the less fortunate ones in the society. It was often witnessed that effective medical treatment was being given to them, however, the tender care of their loved ones was missing which would lead to boosting their morale and head them towards the road of better health. The absence of family members in the lives of such people was seen to be filled with the care of nurses. The commitment of those professionals was worth admiration which made me work as a volunteer nurse for a few times.

Fractional Representation and Its Methodology Essay Example for Free

Fractional Representation and Its Methodology Essay There are a great many different ideas and thoughts found in the world of art. In some instances, art draws from sources not routinely associated with art. Such is the case with fractional representation. This is a style of art popularized by the Egyptians that combines spatial images of the same object to create an image. Somewhat rooted in geometry, a common example of this type of art would be the painting of a God whose face was in profile but the eyes are in a frontal position. There is also a great deal of religious symbolism found in this genre of art. In many instances, this type of art is employed to create replications of religious figures. One such example of this can be visible in the wall painting of a ship crossing a river. (http://www. 1destination. com/egypt/images/barque. jpg) In the imagery of this painting, men, gods, and the queen are visible traveling on their boat. The strange spatial imagery gives it a somewhat unearth like feel. In a way, it comes to life but appears to be a vision into another dimension. This is a tremendous visual element, but it also has a profound effect on spiritual sensory aspects. No one can see into the otherworld. This is why the imagery in Egyptian art is so very special. It creates an otherworldly appearance. This has a mesmerizing psychological effect on those who view it. Because it seems like such a realistic vision into another dimension, it provides additional re-enforcement on a subconscious level of belief in the gods. Also, the presence of royalty in the picture would have the effect of subconsciously equating Egyptian royalty with the gods.

Satire In The Musical Urinetown

Satire In The Musical Urinetown The musical Urinetown, by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis, falls in the class of the modern anti-musical with its untraditional structure and content, not only breaking the mold of what makes musical theatre, but making satire of itself and its relatives in the process. This essay will investigate how Urinetown uses satire to create a new, participatory role for audience unimplemented by its predecessors. This is relevant theatrical topic as it suggests a contrast from musical theatres historical structure, as well as changing social roles in the theatrical culture. To approach this proposition, I will investigate by researching the creation of Urinetown, as well as traditional musicals to serve as a comparative structure. I will use this research to draw conclusions about Urinetowns satirical nature and the role it creates for the audience. Introduction My interest for Urinetown came with the announcement of a local high schools theatrical season, which included the musical. Having heard the name but being unfamiliar with the show, I began to research the plot and was enthralled by the story. As wacky as it is, Urinetown has contemplative themes with social commentary. The musical tells the story of citizens in a town where all restrooms are government operated. As crude as it is, much of the focus of the musical is on having to pay to pee. While Hollmann and Kotis take a humorous approach, the show does embody the peoples oppression by their own government, a theme all too familiar in a historical and current context. Urinetown creates a culture of desperation, the frequent consequence of unequal wealth distribution. Corrupt members of the Urine Good Company, or UGC, live in lavishness while average citizens cannot even afford to fulfill their most basic needs. Essential to the plot are the characters which embody theatrical archet ypes. These archetypes will be included in my scope of investigation along with Hollmann and Kotis creation of the musical. My interest in audience role came with my attendance of the North Carolina Governors School in the area of theatre. During our five weeks, we created a show which challenged traditional audience roles. The expectation of a theatre patron is to sit and be entertained, perhaps laugh and cry, and then go home. This actor-audience relationship has been upheld majorly through Vaudeville, opera, dramas, comedies, and most theatre imaginable. My investigation intends to prove that Urinetown does not adhere to these traditional audience roles, and instead uses satire to challenge its viewers, making them uncomfortable and offering a more participatory, engaging theatre experience. My methodology for this essay will primarily be analysis of research regarding record of Urinetown and its formation, and traditional musical theatre structure and the satirical comparison of it. Investigation Urinetown was inspired by the works of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, specifically Threepenny Opera. Threepenny Opera, which transformed old-fashioned opera and operetta forms, incorporated a sharp political perspective, and the sound of 1920s Berlin dance bands and cabaret, is most strikingly similar to Urinetown. From the shows opening number, the audience is introduced to an oppressed society run by a corrupt government, shown through operatic chorus chords and lyrics. The show mimics others through its number, Too Much Exposition , poking fun at the notion of an excess of background knowledge to ruin a show, taking stabs at Threepenny Opera and other musicals such as Les Miserables. Dark and dramatic with crude humor laced on top, Threepenny Opera certainly bears a resemblance to Urinetown. Urinetown is a prime example of ironic detachment, but it wasnt the first musical to use this perspective. Though this approach has not been standard practice for most of the history of musical theatre, it has appeared in Of Thee I Sing (1931), The Cradle Will Rock (1937), Guys and Dolls (1950), The Threepenny Opera (1954),How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1961), Hair (1968), Company (1970), Grease (1972), Chicago(1975), 42nd Street (1980), Assassins (1990), Bat Boy (1997), and others. These shows broke the traditional role of musical comedy. Urinetown strays from self-importance in favor of self-deprecation. John Bush Jones writes in his book Our Musicals, Ourselves, It seems no accident that a cluster of solemn musicals came right at the end of the century. Among serious and thoughtful creative people, the ends of centuries have often provoked a lot of serious and thoughtful thinking, and the production of works of literature, art, or in our case, musical theatre of especially unsmiling seriousness. Urinetown rebels against this seriousness, even mocking it. This show acknowledges its own art form, but is also part of what it mocks, taking on issues such as corporate corruption, environmentalism, civil liberties, class warfare. Ironic detachment has now become so present in television and modern culture that it no longer packs the same artistic or political punch. As our culture evolves, so must storytelling. Rodgers and Hammerstein were groundbreaking in 1943, but times have changed. Contracting to their elaborate storytelling , new musicals are more honest, breaking the fourth wall, that barrier of lies between actor and audience. Urinetown, first opening in New York in the summer of 1999, referenced dozens of movies and other bits of American pop culture, including The Wizard of Oz. Contrasting though, where Dorothys selflessness and bravery saved the day in Oz, the traits result in hopelessness in Urinetown. Even though both stories take place in an era of depression, they have separate audiences. Referenced in the musical is a response to Thomas Robert Malthus Essay on the Principles of Population (1798), which discusses the tendency of human beings to outstrip their resources. This heavy and dark allusion contrasts to the traditional musical, even in Urinetown with its light potty-humor. Urinetown breaks the mold of the traditional musical and yet, in certain ways, is true to conventional musical theatre, the shows structure taking after a Rodgers and Hammerstein model. The score ranges from direct homages to Threepenny Opera to traditional ballads to hymns, gospel, Bach, and the B-52s. The work, Urinetown, though it seems shallow and crude, is carefully constructed theatre, presented by outrageous circumstances. Urinetown registered with audiences on many levels, like any good fairy tale, providing for each audience member a slightly different message, question, or experience. The show received ten Tony nominations, winning for best score, best book, and best director. Bruce Weber in The New York Times called it a sensational piece of performance art, one that acknowledges theatre tradition and pushes it forward as well. Linda Winer inNewsday called it elevated silliness of the highest order that makes a gratifying case for the restorative return to knowing foolishness and the smartly absurd. Rex Reed in The New York Observer wrote, What kind of musical is this? A fresh, unique, original, impudent, colorful, exciting, irreverent, surprising and wonderful musical, thats all. Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a wild and happy mix of biting satire and loving parody. Urinetown is both a satire of American political and social forces, and also a parody of musical theatre as an art form, both aspects equally well crafted. The show ran 965 performances, more than two years, a run that might have lasted far longer if not for September 11 and its crippling of Broadway. Unlike traditional musicals, Urinetowns extreme emotionalism is followed by cynicism. When a metaphor pops up, it is promptly diffused by literalism, such as the gazes to the distance. Even the resolution of the plot contrasts idealism with tragedy and harsh reality. Literalism is present throughout the show, from the conversations between Lockstock and Little Sally about the show itself, to the opening number that tells the audience where the bathroom is and what should be on their tickets. Of the two love songs, one focuses less on emotion and more on the literal body, and the other is relayed through Little Sally, as one of the lovers is already dead. Urinetown is satirical, laughing at the sappy old-fashioned musical comedy, but also laughing at shows like Les Miz or Passion which reject those conventions and perhaps go too far the other way. Urinetown raises questions about what we expect from musicals, whether or not musicals confronting an issue are satisfying entertainment, why certain stories or topics are musicalized, whether or not serious musicals are too serious. Hollmann and Kotis use musical theatre clichà ©s ironically throughout the show, using traditional musical comedy and making it more cruel, dark, and modern. Each time Officer Lockstock and Little Sally talk about what musicals shouldnt do, theyre also talking about devices certain musicals have used traditionally. When Urinetown kills off its hero, the joke is on Carousel. The violent-rage dance number, Snuff That Girl, consciously parodies Cool in West Side Story, right down to the finger snaps. Cladwells self-justification songs comically mirror Javerts Stars in Les Misà ©rables. In the original Broadway production ofUrinetown, one bit of choreography even invoked the now famous Les Miserables March. The scene in which Cladwell bribes Bobby mirrors the same scene in The Cradle Will Rock. And of course, Urinetown both uses and abuses the devices of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill and their Threepenny Opera. The song Mr. Cladwell is a stab at traditional musicals which laud over the lead, like Hello, Dolly, Mame, and others, but instead of celebrating love for the leading lady and her optimistic spunk, here the adoring chorus is celebrating murderous, unchecked capitalism. The Cop Song is both a tribute to Threepenny but also an ironic nod to hip-hop culture. While hip-hop music has historically taken violence against the poor and turned it back on the police, here the violent imagery usually used for anti-police rhetoric is given to the police themselves, with the violence now turned back on the poor again. Other names in the show follow the Dick Tracy, with Robbie the Stockfish, Billy Boy Bill, Soupy Sue, Little Becky Two Shoes, Tiny Tom, and Hot Blades Harry. Sallys description of why Urinetown isnt a good musical is funny precisely because the aspects she thinks are missing are no longer essential aspects to musical theatre. She thinks all musicals are 1920s musical comedies, but one of the central jokes of this show is that almost no musicals are like that anymore. Urinetown takes musical comedies, serious book musicals, political musicals, and concept musicals and takes them at extremes, showing us exactly how far we have strayed from the 1920s. Its very existence mocks anyone in the audience who still holds those mindsets about musicals in this age of Rent, Assassins, Passion, Bat Boy, Reefer Madness, Chicago, Floyd Collins, A New Brain, and Hedwig and the Angry Inch. Urinetown demonstrates that at conventional musical is no longer the convention. Bobby Strong is the archetypal American musical comedy lead being charming, cocky, and heroic. This traditional character extends back to George M. Cohan in his 1904 musical Little Johnny Jones, Billy in Anything Goes, Joey in Pal Joey, Larry Foreman in The Cradle Will Rock, Billy in Carousel, Woody in Finians Rainbow, Harold Hill in The Music Man, Nathan in Guys and Dolls, and Ponty in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Ms. Pennywise is another archetypal musical theatre character, the immoral but realistic older woman that Bertolt Brecht seems to have invented with Threepenny Opera, and well as in other musicals such as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd, Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret, and Joanne in Company. Josephine Strong is the archetypal older wise woman, joining Aunt Eller in Oklahoma!, Nettie in Carousel, Lady Thiang in The King and I, the Mother Abbess inThe Sound of Music. But here, the older woman does not have much to offer in the way of wisdom. Urinetown also takes much inspiration from Marc Blitzsteins 1937 political musical The Cradle Will Rock, which was itself heavily influenced by Brecht and composer Kurt Weill. The Cradle Will Rock label names like Mr. Mister, Editor Daily, Dr. Specialist, Reverend Salvation, Harry Druggist, and Larry Foreman. Greg Kotis did the same thing in Urinetown, with the heroic Bobby Strong, the well dressed Mr. Cladwell, the optimistic and rich Hope Cladwell, the amoral but practical Ms. Pennywise, and the cops Lockstock and Barrel. The cops names are funny in relation the literal meanings of the phrase. But its also why the original staging of The Cop Song was ill-conceived; if Lockstock and Barrel are the only two cops on the force, if they are the whole police force, lock, stock, and barrel. Urinetown is created with the spirit of Bertolt Brecht, particularly his Threepenny Opera and other political theatre. Brecht aimed to engage the audience through their brains instead of their hearts, to get them to think about the issues and questions put before them on stage and constantly reminding them of the over the top nature of storytelling while maintaining levels of wonder and self-criticism. The set projected an environment rather than representing it; the small chorus, songs to the audience, and elegance with which even the most serious scenes are performed commented on the fable nature of the show and the actions shown on stage. Reflecting the mindset of his work, Brecht once wrote, Nothing is more revolting than when an actor pretends not to notice that he has left the level of plain speech and started to sing. Its a bold statement, but not an unfair one. Brecht wanted truthfulness and realism on stage, not the performance. He rejected the ignoring of the Fourth Wall and thought that the Rodgers and Hammerstein naturalistic acting isnt actually the least bit naturalistic since most people in the real world dont break into four-part harmony. To Brecht, the act of singing onstage is more honest, more real, and connects the actor to the audience more fully because hes not trying to fool them. This isnt an approach that works with shows such as Brigadoon, but is almost necessary for Urinetown. Urinetown uses all of these ideas presented by Brecht. Urinetown is satirical in its theme, plot, characters, and music numbers, parodying traditional musicals as well as modern anti-musicals. Urinetown particularly gains influence through the satirical principles of Berlolt Brecht.

SC college Info :: essays research papers

University of South Carolina-Columbia Applying: % Applications Admitted: 67%.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had H.S. GPA 3.0 or higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 12/15/Previous Year Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $7,314  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost/Credit Hour (In-State): $324 *Health professions have higher undergraduate fees. Financial Aid Distribution: 56% (Scholarships/Grants), 44% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 89%. Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 520-620 SAT Reasoning Math: 520-630 ACT Composite: 22-27 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: SAT Reasoning Test or ACT w/writing. Very Important Admission Factors: secondary school records, standardized test scores. Considered: recommendations, talent/ability. High School Preparation: 19 units required. (AP) Policy: Good AP exam scores gain college credit. Clemson University Applying: % Applications Admitted: 69%.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had H.S. GPA 3.0 or higher. Priority Application Deadline: 12/01/--   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 05/01/Year After  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $8,816 (In-state annual) + $1,600 average for required laptops. Financial Aid Distribution: 52% (Scholarships/Grants), 48% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 34% Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 540-640 SAT Reasoning Math: 570-660 ACT Composite: 24-28 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: SAT Reasoning Test w/writing component or ACT w/writing component.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SAT II Subject Tests considered if submitted. Very Important Admission Factors: class rank, secondary school records, standardized test scores, state residency. Important Admission Factors: alumni relation. Considered: essay, recommendations, talent/ability. High School Preparation: 19 units required. (AP) Policy: AP exam scores of 3, 4, or 5 gain college credit. University of Maryland-Baltimore Applying: % Applications Admitted: 70%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had GPA of 3.0 or higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Priority Application Deadline: 11/01/--  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 02/01/Next Year Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $8,520 (In-state annual)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost/Credit Hour: $270   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   $16,596 (Out-of-State annual)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost/Credit Hour: $606 Financial Aid Distribution: 51% (Scholarships/Grants), 49% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 60% Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 540-650 SAT Reasoning Math: 580-670 ACT Composite: 22-28 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: essay(s), SAT Reasoning Test w/ or w/o writing component or ACT w/writing. Very Important Admission Factors: secondary school records, standardized test scores. Important Admission Factors: class rank, essay, recommendation. Considered: character/personal qualities, extracurricular activities, interview, talent/ability, volunteer work, work experience. High School Preparation: 22 units required. (AP) Policy: Good AP Exam scores gain college credit. Johns Hopkins University-Baltimore Applying: % Applications Admitted: 30%.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76-100% of students had GPA 3.0 or higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular Application Deadline: 11/15/Previous Year Costs: Living On and Off Campus Costs: $32,120 (In & Out-of-State annual) Financial Aid Distribution: 79% (Scholarships/Grants), 21% (Loans/Jobs). Average % of Needs Met: 100% Average SAT and ACT Scores: SAT Reasoning Verbal: 640-730 SAT Reasoning Math: 660-760 ACT Composite: 27-32 Admissions Policies and Factors: Admission Requirements: essay(s), SAT Reasoning w/ or w/o writing component or ACT w/ or w/o writing, SAT II Subject Test recommended. Very Important Admission Factors: character/personal qualities, essay, recommendation, secondary school

Book Report on George Orwells Burmese Days Essay -- George Orwell Bur

Book Report on George Orwell's Burmese Days The book â€Å"Burmese Days† was written by George Orwell and published first in 1934. Orwell took the inspiration for this first novel of his from the experiences he gained during his service as an imperial police officer in Burma in the late 1920s. There he was confronted with extreme forms of imperialism, causing racism and also chauvinism. These are also the main topics of the novel and although they are wrapped up in the story of a single man’s fate, John Flory’s, these topics caused some problems with the publishing of the book. For that reason the book was first published in America, the English version wasn’t published until some changes – mainly name changes – were made which was nearly a year later. â€Å"Burmese Days† is set in 1920s Burma under British colonialism. It focuses on the imperialism of the British and its effects on the relationships between the British, the British and Indians, and between the Indians themselves. So negative is the portrayal by Orwell of imperialism that it can be seen as a novel without hope in terms of altering the imperialistic structure of the British rule in Burma. No character- British or Burmese- appears to be capable of escaping the destructive trap of imperialism. Orwell points out clearly his negative attitude on European politics at his times, for in his youth he was very much in favour of the Marxist ideology and so is the protagonist of the novel â€Å"Burmese Days†, John Flory. The novel concentrates on the town of Kyauktada in Upper Burma. Kyauktada is described as hot and sultry. It is a small town of about four thousand people. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants are Burmese, but there are also a hundred Ind ians, two Eurasians, sixty Chinese, and Seven Europeans. Nevertheless, as in all imperialistic societies the small group of Europeans suppresses the great majority of the native people, who seem to accept perfectly the superiority of the white people. Orwell criticizes this feeling of inferiority the Europeans give the Burmans and especially the Eurasians, because for their existence the Europeans are even responsible. Although he seems very much in favour of the so-called inferior people, the novel gives a certain impression of the Asian character to the reader, which is not very likeable. The Asian people are described – and not only by the characters o... ... to talk to her reasonably. When he asks her if she would ever marry him after what has happened, not now but after a while when the whole thing was forgotten, she answers that she never would. Having heard this, Flory goes hom and shoots his dog Flo and himself. Ko S’La calls for the doctor who comes immediately and manages to pretend that it wasn’t suicide but an accident. Not that anybody in the town would believe in this but still it is at least the official version. After Flory has shot himself, everything changes again. Elizabeth, who appears to be the only one to be surprised by Flory’s suicide, marries Mr. McGregor after a while, who certainly for her is a better husband than Flory would have been, Dr. Veraswami, without a European protector, is easy to ruin for U Po Kyin now and has to leave Kyauktada, U Po Kyin becomes, as he had wished a member of the Club but dies too early to manage to build some pagodas or do anything to wash away the sins he had committed during his life, which makes his wife worry whether he will be reborn as an ugly animal. Ko S’La and Flory’s other servants try their luck on shop-keeping but fail and have to work as servants for another sahib.

Malcom X: Movie and Real Life Comparison

In 1992, director Spike Lee combined his artistic vision with historical events to create the controversial and much hyped film Malcolm X, a biographical and historical account of the slain civil rights leader. Staring as Malcolm X was Denzel Washington who has been noted that this was his best role in a movie to date. As controversial as the flesh and blood Malcolm X was in life, so was the film version of his life as depicted by Lee.Lee made sure to not make the film just based on entertainment purposes as he focused on Malcolm X’s life and achievements by depicting actual events into his movie. Furthermore, Spike Lee tells the story of a not always likable, sometimes reluctant man. He shows Malcolm X as a man who is constantly learning and developing his ideas. Instead of depicting Malcolm X as an unlikeable man, Lee tries to show different sides of Malcolm X and that people (Malcolm X) can change and grow from who they once were.In retrospect, it would seem that Malcolm X represented the exact opposite of the peaceful protests advocated by his contemporary, Martin Luther King, Jr. An example of this is shown in the movie through Malcolm X’s speeches and actions that he thought violence was the only way that the conditions would change between the whites. In viewing the film, one can see that Spike Lee, from the start, was not going to take the safe route in the direction of this motion picture.It was easy to tell in the beginning of Lee’s film that the classification of Malcolm X’s times in life and the period of discrimination were accurate in the movie. The opening credits featured an American flag slowly being consumed by flames and burning to ashes. This is symbolic not only of the nation in turmoil which Malcolm X preached the idea of racial equality. But also as a symbol of a place where people in the wrong position, such as African-Americans faced with prejudice, hatred and worse, could literally and socially be scolded be yond recognition. Lee confronts reality head on in his film.What is depicted in Malcolm X is a story within a story; watchers see the actions and progress of Malcolm X as a social advocate. But  as the sub-context of his controversial crusade, we also learn as the film unfolds that Malcolm X's mother, father, uncles, and countless other relatives and friends were direct victims of the hatred and violence of the white majority in America, during a time when the nation was supposed to be free and equal for all. A scene in the movie that best depicted the racism and the violence was the scene outside the Little’s family house, a black family.In this scene the black legion starts to pass around gasoline cans and then flames roar through the room and the Little kids are hysterical. Louise, the wife, rushes in and pushes them past the fire, she has infant in hand covered in a blanket. They barely make it outside when they are confronted by a black legion member who threatens them and tells them to leave the community. In conclusion, what is seen in Spike Lee's Malcolm X is a break from the traditional cinema of its time which was a film of historical fact, biography and political commentary with the intended effect of raising social consciousness.Lee pushed the limits and dared to create controversy and shock viewers. Furthermore, Denzel Washington portrayal of a much wounded young boy who evolves into a very powerful speaker and political figure is outstanding and helped shaped the movie into an incredible historical depiction of Malcolm X’s life. As one opinion, Lee and Washington did this very well, and opened the door for others who come after them to do the same.

Alfred Doolittle’s Lower Class Representation In Pygmalion Essay

Alfred Doolittle’s Lower Class Representation in Pygmalion Realist author George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion challenges England’s upper class to realize the pointlessness of their flamboyant lifestyle and pokes fun at this society. Shaw writes to expose the differences in the lifestyles of the social classes and how different characters react to their status. Shaw uses Alfred Doolittle and his social status to depict a character that freely accepts his status and his reaction to eventually moving up social classes. Because of his dislike of â€Å"middle class morality†, appreciation of and the freedom that accompanies his lower social status, and his eventual climb into the upper class, Doolittle presents a desire to remain in â€Å"undeserving poverty.† Doolittle, throughout the play, demonstrates a dislike for â€Å"middle class morality.† Before he becomes rich, Doolittle defines middle class morality as â€Å"an excuse of never giving me an ything.† Doolittle represents a dislike for middle class morality and wishes for â€Å"cheerfulness and a song† like those in the upper classes. Doolittle believes â€Å"middle class morality claims its victims.† Eventually Doolittle becomes a â€Å"victim† when he is given money to lecture. Doolittle becomes apart of the upper class but dislikes being viewed as a member of this society. Doolittle says that he believes lower class men look at him and envy him. Doolittle says he, in fact, will look down to the lower class â€Å"helpless and envy them.† Doolittle does not like the upper classes and â€Å"middle class morality.† Throughout the play, Doolittle presents characteristics that suggest he accepts his current lower class social status and enjoys the freedom associated with his status. When asked by Colonial Pickering if he has no morals, Doolittle Stokes 2 establishes his status and distance from upper class characteristics by replying, â€Å"I can’t afford them, Governor.† Doolittle comments to Henry Higgins that â€Å"undeserving poverty is my line.† Doolittle represents an individual who lives in poverty and accepts his current placement in society. He continues by saying, â€Å"I’m undeserving; and I mean to go on being undeserving.† Doolittle does not want to be apart of the upper class society because so much is expected of them. Doolittle is extremely happy being in his current social status. He says, â€Å"They (â€Å"millionaires†) don’t know what happiness is.† Doolittle believes the upper class is unhappy because they are living an imaginary life. Doolittle does not wish to be apart of the upper class because he would be expected to speak and act properly in order  to retain his status within the class. Doolittle, an â€Å"undeserving† member of the lower class, is comfortable and happy in his lower class social situation. Doolittle suddenly encounters money and is thrust into upper class society. Doolittle receives a share in a trust and is required to lecture for â€Å"three thousand a year.† Doolittle freely accepts the financial gain but soon realizes the social obligations that accompany it. Doolittle says, â€Å"I have to live for others and not myself.† Individuals who seek to take advantage of his newfound wealth surround him. Doolittle believes that â€Å"everybody touches me for money.† Doolittle sights one example of how individuals with money are treated better than those without money. Before he had money doctors would â€Å"shove† him out of the hospitals. Once the doctors realize Doolittle has money they â€Å"can’t live unless they looks after me twice a day.† Doolittle, who retains the personality of a Stokes 3 member of the lower class, is upset because people are using him for money. Doolittle feels his is now â€Å"expected to provide for everyone.† Doolittle says he â€Å"was happy before† he got the money. Doolittle, who is propelled into the upper class, recognizes people are using him. He wishes and strives to remain the same person he was before he encountered money. Doolittle’s dislike of â€Å"middle class morality†, appreciation of and the freedom that accompanies his lower social status, and his eventual climb into the upper class presents his desire to remain in â€Å"undeserving poverty.† Doolittle, a character who emerges financially from poverty to being rich, strives to maintain his lower class status and the way of life they accompanied this status. Shaw, by using Doolittle, successfully presents a character that is happy with and comes to appreciate his status in the lower class society and wishes to remain in that social class.

Wealthy and Lower Socioeconomic Communities Differences

There exists an achievement gap among wealthy and lower socio economic communities. Students who come from schools within lower socioeconomic communities do not often receive the same education or services from wealthier districts. New Jersey has responded to this inequitable situation with the Abbot funding process. Recently two local communities, Long Branch and Neptune, have been threatened with the loss of their Abbott status; as a result of additional mandates from the federal No Child Left Behind Act, many such schools are being threatened with the loss of their funding if they fail to meet minimum academic achievement standards. To determine the impact of this potential loss, this paper will provide insights into local concerns in Long Branch to identify how this loss would affect the academic achievement gap. This discussion will be followed by a report on two areas where it is believed equity will be lost to the district. In their Abbott vs. Burke decision, the New Jersey Supreme Court mandated additional assistance for the state's 30 poorest districts, including Long Branch and Neptune (Quinn, 2003). According to an Asbury Park Press survey of enrollment data for Monmouth County found that minorities comprise the majority of the school population in Asbury Park, Red Bank, Neptune, Freehold, Long Branch and Lakewood; of these, the survey found that only Red Bank's poverty rate does not exceed the state's rate (Quinn, 2003). Furthermore, fully 20 percent of the Hispanic students in Monmouth County attend the Long Branch school system (Quinn, 2003). If the additional funding promised by the Abbott decision is halted or reduced, all of the low-income communities will undoubtedly experience further declines in the academic performance levels that are already precipitously low in many cases, with the thrust of this reduction in funding creating two fundamental problems: 1) adversely affect literary rates; and 2) further exacerbate the segregation of low-income and minority citizens into pockets of poverty. As to the first issue, Strickland and Alvermann (2004) reviewed the issues concerning the achievement gap in the U. S. and found that literacy demands of the middle grades are exacerbated when the students come from low income and minority homes; in particular, these issues assumed critical levels when the students are members of low-income and minority families. These students are already likely to attend schools characterized by high mobility rates, inadequate resources and facilities, and large numbers of young students with challenging learning needs (Strickland & Alvermann, 2004). Comparable trends are also apparent in the State of New Jersey as well. According to Lattimer and Strickland (2004), the results from the Grade Eight Proficiency Assessment (GEPA) from 2000-2002 identified consistent differences in partially proficient, proficient, and advanced proficient between District Factor Groups (DFG's) and race/ethnicity. In addition, the differences in academic achievement between special needs districts such as Long Branch and non-special needs districts found similar trends to the 2002 GEPA (Lattimer & Strickland, 2004). In fact, a 35-percentage point difference existed in the total number of students scoring proficient and advanced proficient in Language Arts Literacy in 2002; the authors point out that the District Factor Group is an indicator of the socioeconomic status of citizens in each district and has been useful for the comparative reporting of test results from New Jersey's statewide testing programs in the past (Lattimer & Strickland, 2004). Concerning the second issue of further segregating low-income and minority citizens into â€Å"pockets of poverty,† the school superintendent for Long Branch reported that although minorities tend to live in segregated communities, this was the result of a â€Å"social trend† rather than segregation; notwithstanding these assertions, though, these high concentration of low-income minority members in their own communities has created â€Å"have† and â€Å"have-not† districts, with the Long Branch district representing one of the hardest-hit in the state (Quinn, 2003). Clearly, if the Abbott funding is halted, parents will be faced with a dual-edged dilemma of being unable to provide their children with an adequate education by virtue of substandard schools while being forced to remain in these low-income districts out of sheer necessity. The people of New Jersey in general and the citizens of these low-income regions deserve the quality education that is their American birthright; unfortunately, the promise has not lived up to its legacy in many of these cities, and Long Branch continues to be threatened with even more academic and social miseries if its Abbott funding is stopped.

Burro Genius

Gerardo Rodriguez Cruz Ms. Guinon English 50 26 March 2013 Stereotypes Good or Bad What can cause people to stereotype in the real world? According to lexiophiles. com â€Å"All Mexicans eat chili. † and â€Å"Mexicans only eat burritos and fajitas. † And according to Areli â€Å"Some stereotypes are and some others do not apply at all Mexicans. † In the United States there are so many ethnicities which all of them have a dream which to have the American dream. This causes a melting pot which means everyone wants to be the same.By reading Burro Genius every one should be like a salad everyone has a different role. By being as one whole is like boring or dull which no one wants that. There is one memoir where stereotyping is everything it is Burro Genius by Victor Villasenor. This book is about Victor living the life of a Mexican and how they struggle with stereotypes and racism. Stereotypes can cause people to fall for them and act out in acceptance, second they can single out which can lead to blocking, lastly pressure to fit in to comprehend.One socialization process is when others stereotypes a person and these influences cause them to believing it those assumptions. Howard and Victor are talking in the playground. When Howard said after the fight â€Å"My parents told me that Mexi-eee-cans always have knives. †(68). Victor did not know what to do because he liked Howard a lot that did not want Howard to get in trouble for getting around bad dirty people. Victor did not though that Mexicans would bring knives everywhere they went. The next day Victor brings not one but two knives to school. Teacher said â€Å"OH, A KNIFE!I TOLD’EM! I TOLD’EM that this was going to happen I was going to catch you little dirty spics with knives that day now I have. †(72). The stereotype that Howard said cause this to happen. Because the stereotype got stuck in Victor’s head. It could have been worse for Victor and people around him if the teacher did not see the knives. Victor could have gone into killing white people if he did not catch. Second discrimination can lead to resistance. Victor is in second grade when all of his race change Pressures to fit in the dominant culture can lead an ethnicity to assimilate.

Literacy, Technology, and the Social Self Essay

Introduction The way we define who we are is a direct result of what we know. â€Å"Literacy reflects contradictions and complexities in how we understand ourselves and construct roles for ourselves through language in that world. X. † Since the arrival of the Feed in ____, emphasis on the individual has become less central in our lives. This lack of focus has led to relationships that are left vulnerable and weakened. In this section we will be considering the impact of the decline in literacy on the â€Å"Social Self. † In basic terms, the Social Self is defined as how an individual interacts with the social world presented to him/her and how he/she approaches the formation of relationships. Individualism All throughout history, individualism has been key to the advancement of humanity including – most importantly ? the spreading of freedom. The world we live in has been changed greatly through the individual’s critical understanding of literacy. The vigilant and knowledgeable use of the written word is what carries one’s claims to the world. â€Å"Emancipatory literacy is a necessary foundation for cultural action and freedom, a central aspect of what it means to be a self & socially composed agent. X† This type of literature is used to empower the people who use it. It involves engaging in acts of writing and reading that are used to liberate humanity. How can anything be changed without the use of this emancipatory literacy? â€Å"We must write as if our lives depended on it. X† Literacy gives a voice to our ideas, and creates a space for us in the world to work toward change and to reflect on that change so that it is not forgotten. â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying† is a novel by Ernest J. Gaines. It encompasses the theory of emancipatory literacy through its character Jefferson. A young black prisoner on death row, Jefferson transforms the racist mind of a white prison guard, Paul, mostly through his demeanor while in prison. Paul felt sympathy for Jefferson in a time when colored people were greatly looked down upon. It seems likely that not too long after Jefferson was electrocuted, Paul would have forgotten what Jefferson had taught him- that  all people, regardless of race, are equal. However, Jefferson left behind his notebook in which he wrote his thoughts on the days leading up to his death. The words in that notebook exist forever, unlike to the feelings that Paul was feeling. The permanent physical reminder of Jefferson for Paul is one reason of why literacy is so important. X Another aspect of how literacy affects individualism is in its contributions to self-construction. Literacy provides the opportunity to define one’s self through written language. It gives a way to build a self with in the world in order to participate in that world. â€Å"Literacy reflects contradictions and complexities in how we understand ourselves and construct roles for ourselves through language in that world. X† Only through reading and writing can one gain independence by experiencing things that, without literature, would be impossible to encounter. Imagination and creativity come from a brain that has been well educated and completely exposed to what cannot be seen in every day life. Books take on that challenge- the challenge to exercise the mind in ways that enhance self-discovery. With this self-discovery comes self-worth, which is evident not only in how we treat ourselves, but also how we treat others. Relationships Sets of experiences in our lives lead us to accept different positions for various aspects including political and theological stances. Literacy provides these experiences that educate us to know what we like and what we do not like. This understanding of who we are and what we believe give us commonalities to base relationships on. Relationships are defined by a significant connection or similarity between two or more things, or the state of being related to something else. X People form relationships with others who have the same interests and beliefs. Being literate is the key to a healthy relationship. The Continuing Decline of Literacy in the Future When forced to examine the future of our world and the consequences of the unavoidable continuation in the decline of literacy, it becomes quite clear that humanity is in trouble. If society continues to travel in the direction that it has been for quite some time now, the Social Self, along with many other aspects of humanity, will greatly suffer. Conclusion While some of the qualities that enhance the Social Self come from innovative technology, the heart of these qualities lies within books. Books engage our minds and ignite cognitive thinking. It promotes imagination and intelligence. By ignoring literature, society has diluted its unique identifications that make this world a more interesting place to live. Works Cited: Ernest J. Gaines. A Lesson Before Dying. 1993. Vintage Contemporaries. New York. Mark Warschauer. Electronic Literacies: Language, Culture, and Power in Online Education. 1999. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, New Jersey. Catherine Snow, Wendy Barnes, Jean Chandler, Irene Goodman, Lowry Hemphill. Unfulfilled Expectations: Home and School Influences on Literacy. 1991. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Robert P. Yagelski. Literacy Matters: Writing and Reading the Social Self. 2000. Teachers College Press. New York.

Criminology Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Criminology Theories - Research Paper Example In this regard, the science of Criminology can be considered that deals with an understanding of the nature of crimes that occur within a society, thereby focusing on determining the cause of the crime and the prime suspects associated with a crime (Siegel 5). In relation to this science, there are certain theories – demonology, classical, positivism, psychological – that can be associated with particular crimes, in this study the cases being the above mentioned ones. Let us in brief understand what these concepts mean in order to relate them to these cases, as discussed later in the study. The concept of demonology in criminology attributes an act of crime to other forces in the world and not the individual performing it (Einstadter and Stuart 31). Thus this would consider outside factors to have influenced an individual towards committing a crime. The classical theory of crime  stresses that humans are individuals who are independent,  and hence a criminal act is committed by them following  sensible and cautious reckoning; the execution of a crime gives more contentment  as compared to pain (â€Å"Classical Theory of Crime Causation†). Positivism theory deals with a systematic application of the scientific method, the investigations based on legal terms, and statistics related to it (â€Å"Positivism†). Here the actor is assumed to be focused on more than the act. Lastly, the psychological theories of crime are of the bel ief that differences in behaviour among individuals are capable of making some people more prone to committing crimes. These differences arise from factors like the personality characteristics, biological factors, or interactions in the society (â€Å"Psychological Theories of Crime†). In the current study these four theories would be studied to understand how they are associated with the cases of mass or serial murders as

Judaism is, for Levinas, a religion for adults. What does he mean buy Essay

Judaism is, for Levinas, a religion for adults. What does he mean buy this - Essay Example Theodicy implies a vindication of the divine in spite of the manifestation and existence of wickedness; this concept of suffering has troubled many because they believe that it is a contradiction to be a good God and still let one’s creation suffer. Levinas explains that atheism would be the most obvious reaction to such a phenomenon, but this would be taking a simplistic path in understanding the matter (145). Persons who hold such a view may come to this resolution because they had a perception of God that is also simplistic; that is, of a creator who treats men like children. This God gives prizes to those who have been good and then punishes them for failing to play by the rules; in other words, he regards the human race as one with an infantile state of mind (Katz and Trout 144). However, if one were to conceive of God as a being that is more complex than the above assumption, then it is likely that one will be better able to understand the notion of suffering. Levinas adds that the God who is found in the Torah is one who hides his face in order to allow man to rely on his conscience in order to find him (145). He requires a responsible subject who would not need to depend on certain physical aids or manifestations in order to get to this level; this means, he would have to be mature. Levinas goes on to affirm that theodicy is actually not a fact but is really a product of mythic thinking that has been perpetuated over the years. When understanding such a monstrous act like the Holocaust, where 6 million Jews were killed, this scholar believes that people have to take responsibility for human behaviour. Trying to rely on theodicy to explain away these atrocious acts it to deflect human responsibility to a divine being, and this is what children would do (Katz and Trout 145). The God of the Torah is a God of adults because he requires man to

Impact of Democracy on Economic Development Research Paper - 1

Impact of Democracy on Economic Development - Research Paper Example is that of the negative impact democracy has on the economy as noted by Przeworski & Fernando (1993).The pro-dictatorial stand taken by their article argues strongly against the public choice theory (Przeworski & Fernando, 1993, p.8). The public choice theory which advocates for minimal government questions the true existence of democracy by arguing that bureaucrats, states, politicians and citizens act solely from a perspective of self interest. Such encourages acts of corruption from the above parties which in turn diminishes economic development. Governments exercise authorities and powers designed for selfish needs of their own. Politicians use resources of the government to maintain and consolidate positions of authority and power. States employ powers to confiscate individuals’ private properties. Citizens use influence from politicians to attain exceptional benefits. Bureaucrats extract bribes from citizens seeking for the benefits and protect their businesses (Przewors ki & Fernando, 1993, p.8). The same theory however, proposes an opposing hypothesis where minimal government justifies freedom for all where the government liberates its citizens to participate in economic development and this in turn would translate into a higher GDP and per capita rates thus positive development of the economy. The theory may also assume a null hypothesis where the levels of democracy have neither positive nor negative relation to the economic development. Such is when the natural circumstances of a country are protagonist to economic activity. (Przeworski & Fernando, 1993, p.8) Wickrama and Mulford (1996) generate a hypothesis in which the levels of democracy is said to lead to the achievement of proportional levels of economic development. Their restrictive model of real GDP growth per capita supports the concept that the highest growing nations have a relatively high democracy level. A research carried out between the years 1960 and 2010 has findings on the same

Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Early Year's Education Provision Essay

Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Early Year's Education Provision in UK - Essay Example In practice, United Kingdom’s education system has a holistic purpose. United Kingdom’s education curriculum states that education is a conventional process in which the society intentionally channels its amassed dexterity, skills, knowledge, values and customs from one coeval to the other. Education is one of the fundamental units for an individual’s development and immiseration reduction. For the child to learn effectively, there are various factors that need to be weighed and evaluated (Hodgeson & Spours, 2008, p. 12). Children surrounded by a strong learning environment that is supportive and informative improve on their educational improvement. When considering the role of education and the desired goal and the result, it is necessary to observe where the current education system stands and the effects that have impacted upon it (Hodgeson & Spours, 2008, p. 20). Students exposed to underprivileged, and poor educational surrounding are at a high peril of a ne gative learning effect. United Kingdom has distinct metropolitan boroughs. Each borough has a different social set up. This paper will focus on Barking and Dagenham borough. The fact that children are particularly vulnerable makes early childhood education accomplishment a rough and tough experience. This is because there are social, cultural and economic factors that affect the provision of early childhood education. ... In adapting to the environment, the child assimilates and accommodates the new experiences within her or himself. Social factors are the elements within the society or social environment (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 25). These elements include family, locality, political system, mobility rate and the child’s relations. Barking and Dagenham borough has a high number of educational institutions and a high number of learned and affluent adults. It is one of the most developing metropolitan boroughs in the region. Barking and Dagenham borough consists of affluent families and learned adults. A family is a social unit where related people live together. It can either affect early year’s education of a child positively or negatively (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 30). Relatively, a parent’s education will affect the child’s education. An affluent parent has a high consideration for education and sets academic goals for the child. The educated parent has a higher access to e ducational resources for the child. A child with either one of the parents as a doctor or an engineer is motivated to attain a higher education level than the parent (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 38). A community with educated and learned parents, such as Barking and Dagenham community will have a higher demand for education. From this fact, we can conclude that the parent's level of education in Barking and Dagenham determines a child’s early education provision in a given society or community. The family environment affects a child’s education (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 45). From various studies conducted by the not-for-profit organizations across all the boroughs, most of families are peaceful, and cases of family violence are minimal. A peaceful

Personal Code of Conduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Code of Conduct - Research Paper Example Some of the key areas where the patient first ethic is relevant are through interactions with workmates, patients, the public, other healthcare services professionals and student trainees. Through the conduct, adherence to relevant rules and regulations will be a priority, management and decision making and impartiality in service will be core determinants of service delivery (Tuckett, 2004). The code will offer a standard of review, which will guide the course of service delivery – correcting errors where they occur and in pointing out areas with deficiencies, which can hinder the quality of care delivered. Personal Commitments The first provision of the ANA code for nurses requires the nurse, through all professional relations to work respectfully and compassionately, for the ultimate worth, dignity and the uniqueness of all, without regard to economic or social status, physical characteristics or the kind of health problems (ANA, 2011). This implies that the service deliver ed to different patients should not be discriminatory to any group, and compassion and respect should be offered to all. Deriving from this provision, I will offer healthcare services to all patients in a compassionate and respectful manner, without consideration of their social, cultural or physical characteristics. ... This provision directs that the nurse is admitted into healthcare services delivery to offer care to serve patients of all kinds (ANA, 2011). In observing this provision, I will always overlook all competing tasks, to serve the different patients that seek my service. One case when I exercised this provision was a case when I faced the option of leaving the office for home, but a patient came in requesting for immediate service. During the situation, I took time and attended to him, which took me an hour, before I left the office. The third provision states that the nurse holds the duty of promoting, advocating for and striving to safeguard the safety, health and the rights of the patient (ANA, 2011). This provision directs that the nurse hold the responsibility of working towards the safety, health and ensuring that the rights of the different patients are respected, by themselves as healthcare providers and others. This implies that they can report a situation that compromises the rights or the health of patients to respective agencies like courts. One case during my service at the plastic surgeon’s office, which required me to exercise this provision, was a case, when a patient who had been operated on – by a quark practitioner – came to the office. After attending to him, I evaluated the injuries caused and presented the reports to the police, following which they started the search for the quark practitioner. The fourth provision states that the nurse is answerable for individual nursing care and influences the suitable delegation of roles in ways that are in consistency to the obligation of the nurse, to offer the best care to

New Venture Proposition - Individual work Essay

New Venture Proposition - Individual work - Essay Example The selected name of the restaurant will be â€Å"Rene sense Dinner theatre†. The new theatre restaurant named â€Å"Rene sense Dinner theatre† is offering the area of entertainment and fine dining concept with different, tasty and innovative food recipes. While considering the food in the restaurant, the menu includes cuisine of America, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and the Middle East. The wide range of cuisines is also a new and different idea in the market. Moreover, when it comes to services presenting good food in a friendly environment will be a positive and strong point for the restaurant. The representation of different cultures and music within a colourful environment, which adds an entertainment factor with dinner, will amaze the customers. Customers will be allowed to choose any theme for their table and then the service for that table will be according to that theme. It will delight the customers and the experience of extreme fun and uniqueness will attract and grab the concentration of the customers towards one restaurant that is providing all entertainment activities and food at one place (Rainsford, 2000). The restaurant industry is a diverse business the reason is that there are various cuisines and cultures that restaurants offer and follow according to the needs and demands of the customers. There are various restaurants that are offering delicious and different food items. Mostly focus on the services and food quality. People around the globe like fast food items a lot, and it is a part of their daily food intake. It is the reason due to which there is majority of fast restaurants in the industry. However, for special occasions and different taste people prefer to experience uniqueness in food items within a good environment. Although there is majority of restaurants, there is no such

Is Nuclear power our gate to the future (with nuclear or against ) Essay

Is Nuclear power our gate to the future (with nuclear or against ) - Essay Example The information comes from reputable sources such as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Planning and Analysis. The source has no bias because it presents a logical argument about a beneficial energy source that is expensive. I have chosen this source because it compares the cost of nuclear energy and other alternative energy sources. The author mentions ways for reducing the cost of construction of nuclear plants to make it affordable in the society. The main topic of the article is improving efficiency in nuclear power plants. It discusses innovative techniques and safety measures that can ensure nuclear energy plants maintain efficiency. The author supports nuclear power. He chooses this position because he believes that there are innovative measures that can ensure safety in nuclear power plants. Their arguments are based on latest research on technology that is useful in nuclear power plants. The source is credible because it discusses incremental innovations in the digital world, and enhancements of safety margins in an existing power plant. I have chosen this source because it provides a solution for risks involved in nuclear power plants. The dangers and effects of nuclear plants remain the greatest challenge that opponents of nuclear energy discuss. The main topic of the article is making nuclear energy sustainable. The paper analyzes and reviews the challenges that nuclear power must get through before the society accepts it as a sustainable energy source. Pearce is obviously against nuclear power as an energy source because it is not sustainable. He chose this position because of its associated environmental burdens, specifically greenhouse gas emissions and nuclear and radioactive waste disposal. In addition, he cites nuclear insecurity as a danger of nuclear energy,

Numerical Methods to solve equations Essay Example for Free

Numerical Methods to solve equations Essay The table above shows the numbers of iterations each method took in order to come to the same degree of accuracy. The Newton-Raphson method was the quickest, finding the root within a certain degree of accuracy in only three iterations. Second was the Decimal Search, which took five iterations and last was the Rearrangement Method, which took the most number of iterations, 6. Newton-Raphson method is clearly the fastest and the most efficient method to use as the number of iterations needed to find a root to a degree of accuracy is small. However, this method is very tiresome to calculate by hand and the tiniest mistake can result in a wrong answer. The Decimal Search takes more iteration; but, this method is the easiest and easily understood. However, this method is best done on a spreadsheet, where you would be able to spot the sign change easily. The Rearrangement Method takes slightly more iteration but it provides the root to any degree of accuracy. Also, the formula is iterative, therefore, it is not very time consuming. However, finding can be tricky. In terms of the software used, Decimal Search was the easiest as it only required spreadsheet which is not difficult to use. Although making the tables can be repetitive, any faults can easily be rectified. Both the Newton-Raphson Method and the Rearrangement Method used a calculator to work out the iterative steps. This was often very time-consuming and frustrating as simple mistakes could let to the wrong route. Autograph was used to draw all the graphs and show the methods at work. It was not hard to use but tricky, due to the different options available.

What is Religion?

What is Religion? Religion is a special form of awareness of the surrounding world, which is based on the belief in the existence of one (or more) of the gods. It includes a set of moral and ethical conduct, which are usually reflected in the sacred texts. Religions emerged in the form of different beliefs, that appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of mankind. Despite lacking a clear organization like modern religions, it has always played a prominent role in different societies.[1] Even though, we usually see religion as the belief in one or more gods, this is not always the case. In Buddhism, for example, there are no deities. However, like other religions, Buddhism strongly asserts the existence of a spiritual reality, which is separated from everyday life of the material world. Consequently, perhaps, those who, by their own assurances, believe in the existence of the spiritual world should be called religious people. However, this is not necessarily true: religion, at least partially, can be institutionalized gathering in the shadow of their communities of those who join similar or common beliefs. However, the presence of the community is only one side of religion. Among others lay faith personal beliefs and feelings of reverence and veneration; the cult rites and church premises, collective prayer, and so on, norms moral rules and prohibitions, as well as notions of sin and holiness. However, this does not make religion an ideology. Like religion, ideology such as Nazism or communism require their followers absolute loyalty and direct follow of dogma, but do not need gods or special spirituality. Religion is not magic either. Magic fans believe, that certain rituals produce the desired changes in the material world without interfering with what is happening on the part of a deity. Religious people, on the contrary, pray about something, believing that only God is able to help put their prayers into reality. Religion can also be viewed as a cultural phenomenon, characteristic of various human societies with their system of values and fundamental myths. Some religions, such as Christianity or Islam, affirm their universality, and insist on their own exceptionalism and its special position in the world. Nevertheless, even Christianity and Islam can be seen as a product of historical development under certain conditions.   People throughout the ages have tried to answer the question about the essence of religion. Theologians, base the definition on the value of the word religion, that in Latin means connection. It is about the relationship between God and man. One of the Orthodox dogmatic teachings asserted that religion is a contract or union between God and man.[2] But, to agree with this explanation of religion is impossible, as it is impossible to agree with the simplistic interpretation of the fact, that religion is a fraud and a charlatan. Marxism suggests a scientific definition of religion. Exploring the laws of development of human society, the classics of Marxism-Leninism revealed the social essence of religion. We have convincingly shown that religion   is, for example, politics, law, morality, science, art is a form of social consciousness.[3] Each of the forms of social consciousness reflects a certain aspect of the life of society. Politics, for example, reflects the relations between classes, states, nations, morality the moral qualities of people. In other words, peoples consciousness reflects the objective world. However, this may be a reflection of true and false. Religion is a specific form of social consciousness, which always reflect objective reality as false, ugly, distorted. As Engels pointed out, All religion, however, is nothing but the fantastic reflection in mens minds of those external forces which control their daily life, a reflection in which the terrestrial forces assume the form of supernatural forces.[4] This is manifested in the peoples faith in the real existence of God, as well as different kinds of spirits, angels, demons, faith in supernatural connection between the real existing material objects and their properties. The definition of religion also includes representations, a system view of the world, expressed in the so-called holy books containing various myths, regulations and instructions, as well as by word of mouth of the mythical images, visions, paintings, based on a belief in the supernatural. Another element of religion are the sentiments of the faith. Religion can possess not only thoughts but also feelings of people. Theologians argue that man is born with the religious feelings, that is, with a ready ability to communicate with the supernatural, to feel the power of God, to see and feel his actions. Science denies the allegations and says religious ecstasy, fanaticism, and feelings of believers perversion of healthy human psyche that occurs under the influence of religious beliefs. Specificity of religious feelings is that, they are directed at the fictional, supernatural objects, rather than actually existing ones. The third element of religion is actions. Theologians say that the supernatural world cannot be known by human reason, it is necessary to believe in it, despite the arguments of science and reason, reject the existence of God. Therefore centuries elaborated and corresponding patterns of human behavior, customs and traditions passed down from generation to generation, performing religious rites and rituals following different regulations. All these actions are called worshipping.[5] When talking about religion, the existence of specific groups of people clergy should also be considered. Together with the faith, they constitute a special community or religious organization called the Church. For example, the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and so on. The clergy is promoting beliefs and worship. However, the existence of the clergy cannot be regarded as an indispensable element of religion: there are religious organizations, that do not have a permanent priesthood.[6] Thus, religion and belief is what connects the human with the divine world and gives the person a special state of inner warmth, tranquility and confidence because he does not feel alien to the divine forces that surrounds it. He does not feel thrown out in front of the meaninglessness of life. Life becomes meaningful with its purpose to union with God. It becomes clear and positive. We can say, that religion is one of the universal cultural mechanisms of regulation of human activity, it is through the actions of religious system organizes daily life, with the help of the development of doctrine structures the world, that makes us think about the basics and the meaning of our own life. [1] Kucheman, Cark, Religion, Culture, and Religious Socialism, The Journal of Religion, Jul 1972 [2] Holy Bible [3] Bauer, Andrea, The Marxist view: In the beginning was the World, Apr 2006 [4] Engels, Frederick, Anti-Dà ¼hring, Part III: Socialism, Ch. 5, 1877 [5] Wellman, James, Religon, Ideology, and Belief, Oxford Scholarship Online, Sep 2008 [6] Ibid